1. APUSH Bell Ringer #1 Wednesday 08/17/2016 – Thursday 08/18/2016
1. The first scholarly estimate of the indigenous population in North America in 1491 was made in 1910 by James Mooney, a distinguished ethnographer at the Smithsonian Institution. He concluded the number of inhabitants was:
11 million
1.15 million
Less than 1 million
2. In 1966 Henry F. Dobyns calculated the population in the Western Hemisphere in 1491 to be
112 million
12 million
Greater than 1 million
3. In West’s lecture / video on “Guns, Horses, and the Grass Revolution” he discusses the impact of guns, horses and grass on native American populatons in North America. In a brief paragraph discuss, in your view, which of the three had the greatest impact and why using the points of West’s lecture.

2. European Explorations & Conquests In North America
The Age of Early
European Explorations
& Conquests In North America
By: Mr. Aiken
FCHS Jacksonville, FL

3. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

4. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

5. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

6. Christofo Colon [ ]

7. Columbus’ Four Voyages

8. Other Voyages of Exploration

9. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

10. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

11. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

12. The Death of Montezuma II

13. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

14. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

15. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

16. The Triangular
Trade
&
The Columbian
Exchange

17. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

18. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

19. Treasures from the Americas!

20. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

21. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

22. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

23. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

24. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

25. European Empires in the Americas

26. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

27. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

28. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

29. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

30. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

31. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

32. Today’s Class Activity
Find a partner to work with for today’s assignment. Take your worksheets and follow the directions analyzing the map and chart shown. But first, let’s take a look at what the expectations are in order to complete the assignment.

33. In your analysis of the map below [keying in on Mann & West’s contentions] let’s briefly discuss the patterns of exchanging commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the Atlantic World that developed after European contact and how it shaped North American colonial-era societies

34. In your analysis of our Columbian Exchange chart below [and again keying in on Mann & West’s contentions] let’s briefly discuss how the introduction of new plants, animals, and technologies altered the natural environment of North America and affected interactions among various groups leading into the colonial period.