1. D. MARKETING A SMALL BUSINESS
9.00 Explain pricing strategies for making effective pricing decisions.
D. MARKETING A SMALL BUSINESS
9.02 Explain pricing policies and strategies that help businesses meet pricing objectives.

2. Steps in Setting Price
Determine pricing objectives: What is your purpose in setting a price?
Study costs: Price planning must include an examination of business costs.
Estimate demand: How many products can you sell in a given time period?

3. Steps in Setting Price
Study the competition: How will you respond to competitor’s prices?
Decide on a pricing strategy: Select the strategy with the greatest potential for profit.
Set your price: Monitor sales, customer reactions, and company goals to plan for needed changes.

4. Cost Oriented Pricing
Mark-up pricing
Wholesalers & retailers
Adds a predetermined percentage to cost of products
Same markup applied to all products carried by the business
Cost-plus pricing
Manufacturers & service organizations
Examines costs then adds standard markup
Products & services are all considered individually.
Implemented by carefully examining all of the costs associated with carrying a product and selling it to consumers then adding the desired profit to arrive at a selling price.

5. Demand Oriented Pricing
Most effective when selling products with inelastic demand
Requires price planners to estimate the value customers place on products and set prices accordingly
When selling products with elastic demand, an inaccurate estimation can undermine the success of a business.

6. Competition Oriented Pricing
Used by all planners to some degree
Does not consider costs and expenses or profit goals in the pricing process

7. Specific Pricing Techniques
Promotional pricing: Selling a product at a temporarily lower price to attract customers.
Loss leaders: Selling a product below cost in an effort to increase customer traffic.
Special event pricing: Sales events designed to attract customers and encourage them to buy. Example: Back to-School Sale
Fixed pricing (One-Price Policy): Charging the same prices to all customers regardless of the quantity of the purchase.

8. Specific Pricing Techniques
Variable pricing (Flexible-Price Policy): Encourages customers to bargain with sellers in an effort to obtain the best price.
Price lining: Establishing price points between products in a product line; used to communicate differences in quality and/or service to consumers.
Unit pricing: Stating the price of a product per unit of standard measure.

9. Specific Pricing Techniques
Psychological pricing: Used by organizations that believe that customers base their perceptions of products on price and that these perceptions affect customer buying decisions.
Odd/even cent pricing: Prices ending in odd numbers communicate a bargain. Prices ending in even numbers communicate quality.
Prestige pricing: Customers equate high price with high quality. This technique sets a higher-than average price for products to communicate quality and status.

10. Specific Pricing Techniques
Pricing for new products: Price planning is a vital step in ensuring product success for new products.
Skimming pricing: Setting a high price to capitalize on demand when introducing a product that has little competition and will appeal to customers who like to be the first to have the latest products.
Penetration pricing: Setting a low price to motivate customers to purchase when introducing a product into a competitive market and attempting to gain customer trial.