1. The French Revolution:

2. Background information:
The year witnessed two far-reaching events: the beginning of the new United States of America and the beginning of the French Revolution.
Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was much more complex and radical.
The French Revolution established both a new political order and a new social order.

3. French society had change little since medieval times.
Feudalism established the privileges and obligations of the three social classes, or estates.

4. France’s Three Estates:
Since the Middle Ages, France’s population had been divided into three status groups, or estates.
1st Estate
1% of population
Church officials
Own 5-10% of land & tithe
2nd Estate
2% of population
Nobility pay no taxes
Own 25% of land

5. 3rd Estate
97% of population (20% of population
Shoulders the entire tax burden for the nation)
-Bourgeoisie
* part of the middle class
*8% of the population
* Owned about 20% of land
* Leaders of the Revolution

8. Financial Crisis:
Social Conditions formed a long standing background to the revolution.
Immediate cause was the near collapse of the French budget.
Years of funding the American Revolution
Extravagant spending by King Louis the XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette.
Bad harvest in 1788 and 1789 led to food shortages.

9. With France on the verge of financial collapse, Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the Estates-General.
-last time the Estates-General was called was 1614
Representatives from all three of the estates were called to raise new taxes.

10. Estates-General to National Assembly:
Meeting was called on May 5th,1789.
1st and 2nd estate had about 300 representatives.
3rd estate = 600
* Most of the 3rd estate wanted to setup a constitutional government that would make the clergy and nobility pay taxes.

11. Voting: From the start there were arguments about voting.
-traditionally, each estate had one vote.
(1st & 2nd estate could outvote the 3rd two to one.)
-Third estate demanded that each officer have one vote.
-Under this new system, with the help of a few clergy and nobles, the third estate would have the majority.
-King favored the current system.

12. Tennis Court Oath:
On June 17th, 1789, the third estate boldly declared itself the national assembly and would draft a constitution.
Three days late, representatives of the third estate arrived at their meeting place only to find they had been locked out.
They moved to a nearby indoor tennis court and swore to continue to meet until they had a new constitution.

14. The “Tennis Court Oath”. was the actual start of the revolution.
- Representatives of the 3rd Estate were going against the orders of the King.
- King took no forceful action against the 3rd estate.
-Lower clergy later joined the third estate

15. Mirabeau, a leader and representative of the 3rd estate said this:
- “We are here by the will of the people, and shall not leave our places except at the point of a bayonet”.
The king gave way a week after the scene at the tennis court.
-He reversed his position, and directed all three estates to sit together and vote “by head”.

16. The stage was now set for the new National Assembly to proceed with the work of drawing up a constitution for France.
Although the King reluctantly agreed to allow the National Assembly to create a constitution, he ordered several actions that directly compromised the power and capability of the Assembly.
1. Dismissed the minister of finance, Jacques Necker.
-Necker was supportive of the assembly’s goals.
-People viewed this as the King not really wanting a democratic France.

17. 2. On the same day, Louis XVI summoned troops of Swiss and German mercenaries to his palace at Versailles.
-his subjects saw as a sign that he was planning on removing the National Assembly from his government by force.
This led to many small skirmishes between government officials and common folk across paris.

18. Fall of Bastille:
By the July 14, 1789, the skirmishes in Paris had grown to riotous mob rule.
Angry Parisians attacked the Hotel des Invalides to gain arms.
- no ammunition, so people went to the Bastille.
The Bastille was a prison that had been built during the medieval era as a jail for tax evaders, government enemies and mentally unfit members of society.

19. - by mid-afternoon fortress was surrendered to the mob.
It had long been regarded as a symbol of the monarchy's unpopular power.
rioters started demanding that the garrison of soldiers inside surrender the weapons.
release the seven prisoners who were still held inside.
Negotiations between the commoners and soldiers failed, and violence broke out.
- by mid-afternoon fortress was surrendered to the mob.
-all guards were killed.

21. Significance of the Falling of the Bastille:
First great victory for the revolutionaries.
The act persuaded the King to allow the assembly to finish its work.
Result was the creation of, “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”.

22. Declaration of Right of Man:
Gave and protected people rights.
-This led to other problems for the Monarchy.
-Freedom of speech caused an increase in the number of newspapers.
-Most sided with the revolutionaries.
Jean-Paul Marat was a revolutionary journalist who often wrote about the wrong doings of the King.

23. He wrote that the king and other nobles threw the revolutionary flag on the ground and stepped on it.
He also wrote that the king was moving an army to put down the rebellion.
This angered people and they stormed the Palace of Versailles.
- led by women who were angry over the high price of bread, poor conditions, and encouraged by Marat’s writings.

24. This group stormed the palace, killed guards, and put their heads on sticks.
They demanded that the King and Queen leave the palace and move to Paris.
They wanted the King to pay more attention to the needs of the country.
Felt this could be better done in Paris.

25. Overnight, the group grew to 20,000.
They escorted the King and Queen to Paris, holding the heads of their guards on sticks as they walked.

26. The King in Paris: The king and Queen are now in the Tuileries Palace.
- King is powerless.
- Assembly, who follows the King from Versailles to Paris, now controls France.
The king is now surrounded by revolutionary action in Paris.
For two years the king signs the new governments legislative policies.

27. Foreign Support:
As the events of the French Revolution slowly unfolded, the rest of the world had been watching guardedly from a distance.
Britain and other European nations were delighted to watch the superpower implode, but they'd later be horrified at the escalating bloodiness of the revolution.

28. Americans were a degree more sympathetic; France had largely funded their revolution.
One difference between the nations was that the U.S. had emerged as a republic and France was still a constitutional monarchy.

29. Austria:
Remember, the Queen Marie Antoinette had family members as active monarchs in neighboring Austria.
She saw no reason that Louis should relinquish control to bloodthirsty peasants.

30. They planned an escape and broke from the Tuileries on the night of June 21, 1791, under the guise of servants.
The royal family was close to the Austrian border when its carriage was apprehended at the town of Varennes.
When Louis and his family were brought back to their quarters at the Tuileries, they were kept under heavier watch.

31. At this point, even the king's sympathizers could no longer feel affection for the monarch -- in France's darkest hour, he'd scurried away like a rat in the night.
The French people began to suspect that Marie Antoinette's connections in Austria might be planning to wage war against them.
the National Assembly declared war on both Austria and Prussia in April 1792.

32. Suspicions against the royal family continued to mount, including founded or unfounded beliefs that Marie Antoinette was writing to her family about confidential military maneuvers.
In an act of misguided duty to the monarchies of Europe, Prussia's Duke of Brunswick wrote that he would raze Paris to the ground if the king were harmed.

33. The Parisian press printed the letter for the whole city to see, and an enraged mob stormed the Tuileries.
Louis was made to go on trial as an ordinary citizen, and he was quickly proclaimed guilty.
The matter of what to do with a dethroned traitor effectively split the National Assembly in two.

34. The National Convention: Moderates and Radicals
The National Assembly was born out of shared interest in liberty, equality and brotherhood.
As the revolution wore on, differences in political ideologies
The assembly -- known from Sept. 20, 1792, on as the National Convention -- split into two major factions:
1.)moderate Girondins
2.)radical Jacobins

35. The Republic:
On Sept. 21, 1792, the Convention officially declared France a republic.
To cut ties completely with the Old Regime, the Convention even created a new Republican calendar for France.
All references to religion found in the old calendar's name were stricken, and the advent of a 10-day week was intended to make French citoyens (citizens) forget about Sunday

36. One of the first major issues to divide the Convention was the trial of Louis XVI.
Girondins at least wanted to spare his life.
The Jacobins wouldn't hear of it; Louis must die.
Robespierre convinced the people that the monarch must die for the republic to live.

37. - On Jan. 20, 1793, he was guillotined

38. Bell Work:
Why was King Louis XVI on trial for treason?

39. Louis' death didn't put to rest any controversies within the Convention.
The poorly waged wars against Austria and Prussia only divided the factions further.
-began in an effort to protect France's borders from other European monarchies.
-became an ideological mission of spreading revolutionary passion through Europe.

40. The Jacobins were split on the matter of war
The Jacobins were split on the matter of war. --Georges Danton’s priority was the battlefield.
-Robespierre concerned himself with more immediate threats in the city of Paris.
Convention agreed to send troops to the outskirts of France to help fight off foreign troops.
- Do you think this was a good idea?

41. Marat stepped in again and starting rallying people to action
Because French troops went off to protect the boarders, the city of Paris thereby became devoid of protection.
Marat stepped in again and starting rallying people to action
This time the Jacobin journalist’s directive was straightforward: kill all political prisoners.
Felt that the counter-revolutionaries outnumbered the population of France.
The sans-culottes rose to the occasion and wiped out thousands of prisoners

42. (September Massacre)

43. Sans-Culottes: The name literally means ‘without culottes’.
–culotte: knee high clothing that only the wealthier members of French society wore.
By identifying themselves as ‘without culottes’ they were stressing their differences from the upper classes of French society.

44. The French reconsidered their stance, too.
-The rural French people were outraged by urban violence.
Robespierre decided that someone would have to govern the frenzied French.
Committee of Public Safety was given broad powers by the National Convention.
Robespierre (radical Jacobin) lead this group for about a year.

45. Committee of Public Safety:
This committee took control of the government.
-to defend France from domestic threats, the Committee adopted policies that became known as the Reign of Terror.
The new government was overturned in the name of counter-revolutionary paranoia.
Led by Robespierre and Danton, the Jacobins arrested the remaining Girondons in the Convention.
-claimed that they were supporting counter-revolutionary activities.

46. Moderates now out of the picture.
The Jacobin leaders persuaded the Convention members to endorse the Great Terror, an initiative designed to purge France of all counter-revolutionaries.
France essentially became a police state.
Robespierre condoned the execution of counter-revolutionaries.
He also agreed to reverse -- temporarily, at least -- the rights guaranteed by the constitution as well as censor the press.

47. Robespierre on a Rampage: The Great Fear
Those who survived the Great Terror:
feared that any misstep might sign their own death warrants.
People obeyed Robespierre or they’d be sent to the guillotine next. But
by mid-1794, his long-silent detractors couldn't stay quiet much longer.
Robespierre's final ploy for removing the counter-revolutionaries from France was the Great Fear.

48. During this nationwide witch hunt, Robespierre was responsible for nearly 800 executions a month.

49. One of the most shocking charges was molestation of her son.
Another major figure of the Revolution was put to death: Marie Antoinette.
She'd been put to trial under charges of treason and other counter-revolutionary activity.
One of the most shocking charges was molestation of her son.
On Oct. 16, 1793, a cart delivered her to the guillotine.

50. City vs. Suburbs:
While city-dwellers may very well have been desensitized to the violence of the revolution, the provincial people of France were deeply disturbed by it.
In the provinces, counter-revolutionary uprisings were more frequent, but the Republic put them down by mass executions.
People were bound together and made to face firing squads, and their bodies were weighted and tossed off boats in open water

51. Civil War??
Moderate members of the National Convention began to suspect that civil war may very well break out in France before the revolutionary wars with Austria and Prussia could be won.

52. As if national genocide weren't enough, Robespierre began isolating the people even further with his unexpected endorsement of a new religion.
The Cult of the Supreme Being

53. Bell Work:
George Danton and Maximillian Robespierre had differing views on what to do with the French military.
In a paragraph:
Explain each persons view.
What did the convention agreed to do?
What was the result of that decision?

54. The Cult of the Supreme Being:
Robespierre created this religion.
The supreme being was reason.
Robespierre had long fantasized about a perfect republic in which people participated in government and heeded the universal guiding lights of reason and logic.

55. Power Hungry, or Cray Cray:
June 6, 1794, the day Robespierre appointed as the Festival of the Supreme Being.
In the center of Paris, a papier-mâché replica of a mountain was constructed, and Robespierre appeared on top of it, clad in a toga.
Robespierre no longer a viable leader
Delusion he was a God??

56. The End of Robespierre:
Robespierre sensed the people's change in attitude.
Drafted a new list of Public enemies to be executed.
When he arrived at the Convention to deliver the list, he was seized and carried off with his allies to city hall.
He was supposed to have been tried the very next day, but he couldn't bear the thought of the guillotine.

57. Say What!! Shot himself in the face!!
-Didn’t die, only blew his jaw off.
Jailers came to take him to the Guillotine and found him writhing in pain.
Executed him a couple hours later.
This is known as the Thermidorian Reaction
Do You Want To See The Picture??

58. Probably what Robespierre looked like after his failed suicide attempt.

59. Bell Work: Why did the French create a new Calendar?
Hint: what were they trying to get rid of??

60. PREZI ASSIGNMENT:
Create a Prezi discussing an event, or person we have talked about thus far in the French Revolution.
This will be due at the end of class tomorrow.
Try to include some information we haven’t discussed in class. (this will require research!!)
Make it interesting!!

61. Scan This Code Before You Leave:

63. France after Robespierre:
Robespierre's death didn't solve much.
If anything, the latest Convention coup had only confused matters more.
Convention deputies hastily created a new government. Under the Directory.
a three-chambered system
two legislative bodies called the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred.

64. The Directory: The Directory wasn't a real republic.
weren't elected into position -- they were appointed by members within the organization.
people weren't getting a say, and they wouldn't until the first round of open elections.
liberty, equality and brotherhood ??
Directory was inching back toward France’s monarchical past.
Only about 30,000 wealthy French men were eligible to vote.

65. New Constitution:
There were complications with the new constitution, too.
- The Directory wanted to cater toward the growing number of royalists in France as well as the remaining Jacobins and sans-culottes who favored the Republic.
The new constitution caused riots in the streets of Paris on Oct. 5, 1795.
military was called in to put down the uprising. (enter Napoleon Bonaparte)

66. Napoleon: Napoleon was born in Corsica.
Carlo (Charles) Maria de Buonaparte and his wife, Letizia Ramolino.
Both were of noble Italian families.

67. A year before Napoleon was born, Genoa had ceded Corsica to France.
The Corsicans revolted.
Soundly defeated by the French.
Napoleon loved Corsica, and grew up hating France and the people.

68. Napoleon's father got along well with the French.
Napoleon resented him for that.
When Napoleon was 10 his father took him to France.
obtained a scholarship in a military school.
At the age of 15 he was transferred to Paris, where he received a year of solid instruction as an officer and artilleryman.

69. Army Officer
At 16 Napoleon was commissioned second lieutenant of artillery.
His regiment was stationed in a succession of small towns, but he had no liking for such garrison life.
During 1785–93 he spent nearly five years more or less regular leaves of absence

70. Napoleon During Reign of Terror:
In March, 1794, Napoleon was given command of the artillery in the French army in Italy.
During the Reign of Terror, he was inspecting and planning fortifications along the Mediterranean.
-He was arrested without warning and charged with treason.
-Identified with the Robespierre faction.
There was no evidence of treason against Napoleon and he soon was released.

71. Protector of the Republic:
To protect the seat of government at the Palais des Tuileries, Napoleon brought in artillery during the night of October 4.
The next day, a large group of insurgents approached.
Napoleon's gunners opened fire and killed many of the rebels on the steps of the nearby Church of Saint Roch, ending the rebellion.

72. Napoleon the Hero:
What do people do after they become famous??

73. Married: Shortly afterwards he met Josephine de Beauharnais.
widow with two children.
Her husband had been guillotined during the Terror.

74. Back to work:
Two days after his marriage, Napoleon left Paris for his new command.
At Nice, he found his army—45,000 hungry, poorly clad men.
He told them the government could give them little, but that he would lead them into the fertile plains of Italy, where they would find "honor, glory, and riches."
In the next few weeks the inspired French troops under Napoleon's command defeated the Italians and Austrians in every engagement.
By the end of May all of northern Italy was in French hands.

75. Promises Promises:
Napoleon proceeded to strip the Italian states of cash, gold, jewels, and objects of art.
Rewarded his army as promised and sent the rest of the loot to the French government, which under the Directory had become virtually bankrupt.

76. Bell Work:
Why did Napoleon leave Corsica and move to France?

77. The Consulate (1800–04)
Napoleon traveled to Paris at a leisurely pace, and was greeted along the way with great enthusiasm.
In Paris he joined with Abbé Sieyes, a member of the Directory, in a plot to do away with that body, which had become increasingly unpopular.
The coup d'état began on November 9, 1799, and after some floundering was successfully completed the next day.

78. First Consul: A new government was formed, headed by three consuls—
1.Bonaparte
2.Pierre Ducos
3.Sieyès
Napoleon became first consul.
As head of the government, he set about consolidating his power and working to establish internal order in France..

79. To accomplish his purposes, he wanted a period of peace
To accomplish his purposes, he wanted a period of peace. (France had been at war for nine years.)
He sent letters to Francis I of Austria and George III of Britain, proposing an end to the fighting.
His offers were ignored.
He then sent General Moreau to fight the Austrians along the Rhine, while he prepared a new Italian campaign, also against the Austrians.

80. Napoleon’s Foreign Policy:
Napoleon organized an army of 37,000 men.
He entered Milan on June 2.
Twelve days later he defeated an Austrian army at Marengo.
Napoleon sent another letter to the Austrian emperor, proposing peace.
The Treaty of Lunéville was signed on February 9, 1801.
The British were undefeated, but they, too, were tired of war.
The formal treaty, the Peace of Amiens, was signed March 27, 1802.

81. Bell Work: What treaty ended war with Austria?
What treaty ended war with the British?

82. Domestic Policies:
Made peace with the Catholic church.
* Pope gave Napoleon everything he wanted.
He centralized the administration of government.
In 1800 he established the Bank of France *Stabilized the currency
* Balanced budget
civil code adopted in 1804 and named the Code Napoléon in 1807.

83. Domestic Policies: Re-established the Catholic church. Bank of France
Created currency, balanced budget.
No nobles, or titles at birth.
Government jobs
Most qualified
Legion of Honor
reward military and bureaucratic service to his state.

84. New Constitution (1802) was proclaimed
New Constitution (1802) was proclaimed. Under it, Napoleon was made consul for life.
given authority to name his successor.

85. Napoleonic Code: Napoleonic Code ‒ or Code Napoléon
is the French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804.
* no recognition of nobility, or titles at birth

86. 1. Scan Code 2. Read Document 3. Prepare to discuss

87. Back to War: Peace with Britain lasted about a year.
On April 26, 1803, the British sent an ultimatum that meant war.
give up control of Holland.
To obtain gold to finance the coming war, Napoleon decided early in May to sell to the United States the vast territory of Louisiana.

89. WAR!!
Britain declared war against France on May 18, but hostilities were slow in starting.
-British owned the oceans.
-France was supreme on land.
Supporting France was Spain, which had been an ally since 1796.

90. Emperor (1804-1814): Assassination Attempt
In February, 1804, a royalist plot against Napoleon's life was discovered.
Its ringleaders were put to death.
Suspicion also fell on the Duke of Enghien,
He was kidnapped, court-martialed, and despite clear evidence of his innocence, put to death on Napoleon's orders.
His execution outraged Europe.

91. In May, 1804, Napoleon proceeded to make himself emperor.
He pushed the French Senate into adopting a proposal declaring that it was in the highest interest of the French people "to entrust the government of the Republic to an Emperor."
This was put to a vote of the people and accepted by 3,582,329 to 2,579.

92. Coronation:
Pope Pius VII was persuaded to come to Paris and take part in the coronation.
Napoleon and Josephine solemnized their marriage by a church ceremony.
Napoleon, who had not kneeled, took the crown from the Pope, faced the assemblage, and crowned himself. He then crowned the kneeling Josephine

93. Jacques-Louis David

94. Plan to Invade Great Britain:
In 1804 Napoleon decided to attempt an invasion of Great Britain.
The French plan was to sail to the West Indies, where it would be joined by two French fleets.
Napoleon hoped that the British would move their fleets out of European waters to protect their overseas possessions.
The combined fleets would then return quickly to France to take permanent control of the channel.

96. Did the Plan Work? NO! Only one British ship left home waters.
The British blocked one of the French fleets, and the other failed to meet Villeneuve's through bad timing.
The invasion could not be attempted.

97. Bell Work:
Describe Napoleon’s plan to invade Great Britain.

98. Third Coalition:
The British organized the Third Coalition against France on August 9, 1805.
Joining Great Britain were:
Russia, Austria, Sweden, Some German city states.
Prussia for the time being chose to remain neutral.
Napoleon with great speed moved his forces (now called the Grand Army) east to meet the Austrians.

99. At Ulm, in Germany, he defeated and caused the surrender of 28,000 Austrians.
Next defeated the Russians and Austrians at Austerlitz (now Slavkov, Czech Republic)
Battle of Austerlitz one of Napoleon's most brilliant tactical achievements.
On the day after Christmas, 1805, Napoleon dictated to the Austrians the Treaty of Pressburg.
The surrender of Austria eliminated the country from the Third Coalition.
Great Britain, Russia, and Sweden remained at war.

100. Reorganization of Europe:
Napoleon was free to reshape Europe.
He placed his relatives on various European thrones.
Three of his brothers were made kings:
Joseph in Naples
Louis in Holland
Jerôme in Westphalia.
His brother-in-law, Joachim Murat, was made a grand duke of the German State of Berg.

101. Napoleon reorganized Germany
abolished the Holy Roman Empire
replaced it with the French-controlled Confederation of the Rhine in 1806.

102. Napoleon's Empire
The empire over which Napoleon ruled extended from Hamburg to Rome and to the west bank of the Rhine.
Emperor of the French, but also:
king of Italy
mediator of the Swiss Confederation
protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.
By 1810 there were seven kingdoms and 30 principalities that were vassals of France.

103. Second Marriage
What do Mr. Cesaro and Napoleon have in common? (No we both don’t have Frolics)
Short
Incredibly handsome
We both want a child
Now 40 years of age, he married the 18-year-old Archduchess Marie Louise
daughter of the Austrian emperor.

104. * The desired son was born on March 11, 1811.
* Given the title King of Rome.
Archduchess Marie Louise

105. Invasion of Russia: The czar renounced the Continental System in 1810.
Russia prepared to join a coalition against Napoleon.
Napoleon assembled an immense force for its time, 600,000 men.
On June 24, 1812, Napoleon launched the invasion of Russia.
The Russians retreated, burning villages and destroying crops and farm animals, leaving nothing of value to Napoleon's forces.

106. Napoleon pursued them with amazing speed.
Russian army made a stand at Borodino and was defeated in a bloody battle on September 7.
Napoleon entered Moscow a week later.
The next day, the city was on fire.
Napoleon stayed in the city for five weeks hoping to negotiate a peace with Alexander.
Nothing came of these efforts.
Napoleon no choice but to lead his victorious army homeward.
The march soon turned into a disaster.
Starvation, cold weather, and disease.
No more than 30,000 reached the Polish border on December 12.

107. Defeat and Abdication:
After Russia, Napoleon went back to Paris.
Raised another army
Another coalition (Britain, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia) had been formed.
Beat the Prussians and Russians
Austria joined the coalition.
Battle of the Nations near Leipzig the French were crushed.

108. Napoleon rushed to Paris French were overwhelmingly outnumbered.
raised still another army.
French were overwhelmingly outnumbered.
Napoleon managed to inflict humiliating defeats on the coalition powers.
In the end, however, the enemy numbers were too much
Coalition armies took Paris on March 31, 1814.

109. On April 6, Napoleon agreed to abdicate unconditionally.
During the night of April 12 he attempted suicide.
Tried to poison himself.
Poison was expired??

110. Bell Work: Was Napoleon a hero, or a tyrant?
Please explain your answer.

111. Bell Work: Describe the outcome of Napoleons battles in Russia.
Was he successful? Why/why not?

112. Napoleon to Elba:
Napoleon was granted sovereignty over the island of Elba
allowed as a courtesy to retain the title of emperor
promised an income of 2,000,000 francs a year.

113. A Hundred Days:
In France, the Bourbons had returned to power to Louis XVIII.
The Congress of Vienna was haggling over the reorganization of Europe.
Dissatisfaction with the rule of the Bourbons was increasing.
raised taxes
dismissed thousands of persons from the army and administration.
People feared the Bourbons were becoming powerful enough to regain the old privileges of the aristocracy.

115. Left Elba and returned to France.
To Napoleon, France seemed to be in as bad condition as it had been under the Directory.
Left Elba and returned to France.
Few followers at first
Reached Paris with many regiments.
Louis XVIII fled the capital

116. Napoleon proposed peace.
The other European powers, however, could not tolerate his return to power.
Allies assembled troops in Belgium.
Napoleon hoped to defeat them before they could form a single, united force.
His plan failed, and at Waterloo, Belgium, where he was soundly defeated.

117. Napoleon returned to Paris and signed his second abdication in favor of his son.
The son was proclaimed Napoleon II but never reigned.
Louis XVIII returned to France on June 28–100 days after Napoleon had arrived in Paris from Elba.

118. St. Helena:
The French government ordered Napoleon to leave the country.
he surrendered to the British.
exiled him on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
He died on May 5, 1821, of a chronic stomach ailment, which most historians attribute to either cancer or an ulcer.
Some believe that evidence points to long-term arsenic poisoning.

119. In 1840, King Louis Philippe had Napoleon's body moved to Paris, where it has lain since 1861 in the Dôme des Invalides.

120. So…. After everything: Nothing Changed?? Riots Executions Wars
They returned to a Monarchy!