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Our nation’s expansion West
Manifest Destiny: Our nation’s expansion West
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Background to US Foreign Policy
Washington’s Farewell Address Jefferson and the Barbary Pirates (1805) Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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Causes of Expansion in the 1830’s and 1840’s
Economic Factors: Exhaustion of good land Panic of 1837 Psychological factors Manifest Destiny “The fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” John O’Sullivan
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Manifest Destiny imagined. John Gast. American Progress. 1872
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Causes Continued Attractive regions of the country: Texas, California, Oregon Advertising the West Santa Fe Traders Mountain men—fur trappers
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Texas Colonization began in 1820’s under Austin
Mexican independence led to restrictions Texas loyal to US
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Santa Anna as Dictator Texans declare independence and establish government (1836) Santa Anna defeats Texas troops at Alamo Battle at San Jacinto Mexico recognizes Texas independence
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Lone Star Republic Sam Houston: President Requests annexation by US
Initially refused for fear of expansion of slavery Texas admitted in 1845
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War with Mexico Causes Slidell’s mission fails
Taylor and American troops sent into disputed land—attacked by Mexican forces US charges Mexico as aggressor and votes for war Dissenters are from the North
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Opposition to the War Led by Northerners who opposed slavery
Lincoln’s “spot resolution” challenged Polk Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience called for non-violent opposition Enlistments from some regions are low due to unpopularity of the war.
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Campaigns during the War
Northern Mexico—Taylor’s army won at Monterey and Buena Vista American fleet blockaded the gulf Bear Flag Revolt (1846) Americans marched to Mexico City and took capital
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Results of the War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
CA and NM territories added to the US Texas border at Rio Grande accepted US pays 15 million to Mexico Renewal of Slavery Conflict Wilmott Proviso
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Oregon Territory Jointly occupied by England and the US since 1818
Missionaries and settlers Fur traders Expansionists want seizure from England 54’40” or Fight 1846—Oregon treaty sets boundary
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Economic Prosperity—1850’s Railroad Building Expands
Mileage increases by 1860 Expansion concentrated in the Northeast Gadsden Purchase—1853 1860—Northeast and Northwest connected Southern rails are a distinct unit
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Northern Industrial Growth
Market expansion for NE manufacturers Railroads Shipping California Gold Rush adds capital Expand labor supply Immigration Farmers move to cities
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The South and the West Spread plantation system—slavery indispensable
Cotton Tobacco Western agriculture expands The West becomes more reliant and interactive with the North
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Missouri Compromise Country divided over the issue of the expansion of slavery Congress blocks Missouri’s petition for statehood Henry Clay proposes the Missouri Compromise
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Slave Controversy Persists Compromise of 1850
CA applied for admission to the union following the Mexican War and the Gold Rush Admission as a free state would upset the Congressional balance The debate: Calhoun, Webster, Clay
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Compromise of 1850 Actually 5 separate bills
Angered extremists on both sides CA—Free state NM and Utah territories established Slave trade—abolished in DC Fugitive Slave Law
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Reaction Resistance to fugitive slave law Personal Liberty Laws
Underground Railroad
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Kansas Nebraska 1854 Stephen Douglas proposed: Explanation
Northern LA purchase will be divided in two sections MO Compromise would be repealed--popular sovereignty Explanation MO Compromise was made obsolete by the Compromise of 1850 Congress had stopped trying to prevent slavery in the territories Unstated reasons for the bill
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Kansas Nebraska Act--Analysis
Political consequences of the controversy Southerners support Northern Whigs against Northern Democrats are mixed Protest in the North Inspired the beginnings of the Republican Party
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Bleeding Kansas Contest to gain control of Kansas
Free-soilers equipped with rifles used them against pro-slavery forces Immigrants to Kansas flooded in on both sides Pro-slavery elements control 1st legislature through fraud and intimidation Free-soilers denounced the election and set up the Topeka constitution
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Moving toward Disunion
Election of 1856 James Buchanan Millard Fillmore John C. Fremont Buchanan wins Appeals to the South Push for slaves in Kansas Dred Scott Decision—1857 John Brown’s Raid—1859
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Disruption in the Democratic Party
Northern Democrats—disgusted with Buchanan Lincoln Douglas debates Party splits in 1860 Lincoln wins in 1860
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