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The Chemistry of Microbiology

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Presentation on theme: "The Chemistry of Microbiology"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Chemistry of Microbiology
2 The Chemistry of Microbiology

2 An atom, the smallest unit of matter, is composed of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
photons electrons neutrons protons Answer: A) photons

3 An atom, the smallest unit of matter, is composed of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
photons electrons neutrons protons Answer: A) photons

4 The atomic number of an element is ________.
the sum of its photons and electrons the number of protons the sum of its protons, neutrons, and electrons the number of electrons Answer: B) the number of protons

5 The atomic number of an element is ________.
the sum of its photons and electrons the number of protons the sum of its protons, neutrons, and electrons the number of electrons Answer: B) the number of protons

6 The atomic mass of an atom is ________.
the sum of the masses of its photons and electrons the number of protons the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons the number of electrons Answer: C) the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons

7 The atomic mass of an atom is ________.
the sum of the masses of its photons and electrons the number of protons the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons the number of electrons Answer: C) the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons

8 The element carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus
The element carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. Which of the following represents the carbon-14 isotope? 6 protons, 8 neutrons 6 protons, 7 neutrons 7 protons, 6 neutrons 8 protons, 6 neutrons Answer: A) 6 protons, 8 neutrons

9 The element carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus
The element carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. Which of the following represents the carbon-14 isotope? 6 protons, 8 neutrons 6 protons, 7 neutrons 7 protons, 6 neutrons 8 protons, 6 neutrons Answer: A) 6 protons, 8 neutrons

10 How do atoms interact with one another to form chemical bonds?
They share or transfer entire electron shells. They share or transfer valence electrons. They share or transfer isotopes. They share or transfer protons. Answer: B) They share or transfer valence electrons.

11 How do atoms interact with one another to form chemical bonds?
They share or transfer entire electron shells. They share or transfer valence electrons. They share or transfer isotopes. They share or transfer protons. Answer: B) They share or transfer valence electrons.

12 Choose the answer that correctly lists the choices in order of increasing complexity.
molecules > atoms > compounds compounds > molecules > atoms compounds > atoms > molecules atoms > molecules > compounds Answer: D) atoms > molecules > compounds

13 Choose the answer that correctly lists the choices in order of increasing complexity.
molecules > atoms > compounds compounds > molecules > atoms compounds > atoms > molecules atoms > molecules > compounds Answer: D) atoms > molecules > compounds

14 When two atoms equally share one pair of electrons, what kind of chemical bond is formed?
nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: A) nonpolar covalent bond

15 When two atoms equally share one pair of electrons, what kind of chemical bond is formed?
nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: A) nonpolar covalent bond

16 When two atoms have different electronegativities, electrons are shared unequally to form what kind of chemical bond? nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: B) polar covalent bond

17 When two atoms have different electronegativities, electrons are shared unequally to form what kind of chemical bond? nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: B) polar covalent bond

18 The type of bond that forms between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of a second water molecule is what kind of bond? nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: D) hydrogen bond

19 The type of bond that forms between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of a second water molecule is what kind of bond? nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: D) hydrogen bond

20 The type of chemical bond that forms between a cation and an anion is what kind of bond?
nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: C) ionic bond

21 The type of chemical bond that forms between a cation and an anion is what kind of bond?
nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond Answer: C) ionic bond

22 Which of the following illustrates a synthesis reaction?
6 H2O + 6 CO2  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 H2O + 6 CO2 2 H2O  2 H2 + O2 CaCO3  CaO + CO2 Answer: A) 6 H2O + 6 CO2  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

23 Which of the following illustrates a synthesis reaction?
6 H2O + 6 CO2  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 H2O + 6 CO2 2 H2O  2 H2 + O2 CaCO3  CaO + CO2 Answer: A) 6 H2O + 6 CO2  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

24 What is another name for a decomposition reaction?
anabolism metabolism diabolism catabolism Answer: D) catabolism

25 What is another name for a decomposition reaction?
anabolism metabolism diabolism catabolism Answer: D) catabolism

26 What type of reaction involves two small molecules being joined by a covalent bond with the release of a water molecule? hydrolysis dehydration decomposition liquidification Answer: B) dehydration

27 What type of reaction involves two small molecules being joined by a covalent bond with the release of a water molecule? hydrolysis dehydration decomposition liquidification Answer: B) dehydration

28 Some microorganisms can carry out photosynthesis in order to make their own food; however, these reactions require energy input from the sun. What type of reaction is this? hyperthermic hypothermic endothermic exothermic Answer: C) endothermic

29 Some microorganisms can carry out photosynthesis in order to make their own food; however, these reactions require energy input from the sun. What type of reaction is this? hyperthermic hypothermic endothermic exothermic Answer: C) endothermic

30 Which of the following answers illustrates an exchange reaction?
A + B  AB A + BC  AB + C AB  A + B A + B  C Answer: B) A + BC  AB + C

31 Which of the following answers illustrates an exchange reaction?
A + B  AB A + BC  AB + C AB  A + B A + B  C Answer: B) A + BC  AB + C

32 Which of the following is NOT a special property of water?
Water converts from a liquid to a gas quickly and over a narrow range of temperatures. Water molecules tend to stick together, which can result in surface tension. Water can absorb significant amounts of heat energy without changing temperature. Water is an excellent solvent. Answer: A) Water converts from a liquid to a gas quickly and over a narrow range of temperatures.

33 Which of the following is NOT a special property of water?
Water converts from a liquid to a gas quickly and over a narrow range of temperatures. Water molecules tend to stick together, which can result in surface tension. Water can absorb significant amounts of heat energy without changing temperature. Water is an excellent solvent. Answer: A) Water converts from a liquid to a gas quickly and over a narrow range of temperatures.

34 How do antacid tablets work to relieve indigestion and/or a sour stomach?
They decrease the pH of the stomach to lessen the acidity. They increase the pH of the stomach to lessen the acidity. They increase the acidity to help break down food matter in the stomach. They maintain the current pH of the stomach. Answer: B) They increase the pH of the stomach to lessen the acidity.

35 How do antacid tablets work to relieve indigestion and/or a sour stomach?
They decrease the pH of the stomach to lessen the acidity. They increase the pH of the stomach to lessen the acidity. They increase the acidity to help break down food matter in the stomach. They maintain the current pH of the stomach. Answer: B) They increase the pH of the stomach to lessen the acidity.

36 What do you call substances that can be added to a microbial culture to prevent drastic changes in pH? supplements antacids bases buffers Answer: D) buffers

37 What do you call substances that can be added to a microbial culture to prevent drastic changes in pH? supplements antacids bases buffers Answer: D) buffers

38 What is the difference between acids and bases?
Acids donate H+; bases accept H+. Acids accept H+; bases donate H+. Acids donate OH–; bases accept OH–. Acids accept OH–; bases donate OH–. Answer: A) Acids donate H+; bases accept H+.

39 What is the difference between acids and bases?
Acids donate H+; bases accept H+. Acids accept H+; bases donate H+. Acids donate OH–; bases accept OH–. Acids accept OH–; bases donate OH–. Answer: A) Acids donate H+; bases accept H+.

40 The amount of H+ in milk of magnesia, which has a pH of 10, is ________ times lower than that of seawater, which has a pH of 8. 10 100 2 20 Answer: B) 100

41 The amount of H+ in milk of magnesia, which has a pH of 10, is ________ times lower than that of seawater, which has a pH of 8. 10 100 2 20 Answer: B) 100

42 Which of the following types of macromolecules is NOT a polymer?
nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates proteins Answer: B) lipids

43 Which of the following types of macromolecules is NOT a polymer?
nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates proteins Answer: B) lipids

44 What type of macromolecules are polysaccharides?
proteins lipids carbohydrates hexoses Answer: C) carbohydrates

45 What type of macromolecules are polysaccharides?
proteins lipids carbohydrates hexoses Answer: C) carbohydrates

46 The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is referred to as the ________ of a protein.
primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure Answer: A) primary structure

47 The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is referred to as the ________ of a protein.
primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure Answer: A) primary structure

48 Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is NOT correct for cellular organisms?
DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded. DNA contains carbohydrates; RNA contains amino acids. DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose. DNA functions as the genetic material; RNA functions in protein synthesis. Answer: B) DNA contains carbohydrates; RNA contains amino acids.

49 Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is NOT correct for cellular organisms?
DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded. DNA contains carbohydrates; RNA contains amino acids. DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose. DNA functions as the genetic material; RNA functions in protein synthesis. Answer: B) DNA contains carbohydrates; RNA contains amino acids.

50 What is the most important short-term energy storage molecule?
nucleic acids carbohydrates proteins adenosine triphosphate Answer: D) adenosine triphosphate

51 What is the most important short-term energy storage molecule?
nucleic acids carbohydrates proteins adenosine triphosphate Answer: D) adenosine triphosphate

52 DNA and RNA are composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. What is the nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA? uramine thymine adenine uracil Answer: D) uracil

53 DNA and RNA are composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. What is the nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA? uramine thymine adenine uracil Answer: D) uracil

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