1. The antique roadshow of computing
History of Computing
The antique roadshow of computing

2. Trivial Pursuit What do the following all have in common?
census taking
weaving (cloth)
multiplication
daughter of a famous 19th century poet

3. Definitions ________________: The act of mathematical calculation
The study of the principles and use of computing systems
A programmable machine designed to carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem.
Computation
Computer Science
Computer

4. Is the Abacus a Computer?
Archaeologists found evidence of this from the 5th century B.C. in Greece.
The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC
Example:
Upper level has one bead with two positions. The bead counts for 5
Lower level has four beads. The right-most column corresponds to ones, then tens, etc…
Demo abacus counting: Enter 28 and then add 11

5. Is the Pascaline a Computer?
Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator in 1642.
Used to help reorganizing the tax revenues of the French province of Haute-Normandie.
It could add and subtract directly and multiply and divide by repetition.
Pascal went through 50 prototypes before presenting his first machine to the public in 1645.
He built around twenty more machines during the next decade, often improving on his original design.
Pascaline firsts:
the first calculator to be used in an office (his father's to compute taxes)
the first calculator commercialized (with around twenty machines built)
the first calculator to be patented (royal privilege of 1649)
the first calculator to have a controlled carry mechanism which allowed for an effective propagation of multiple carries.

6. Is Jacquards Loom a Computer?
The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom for manufacturing textiles with complex patterns.
The Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punched cards to control a sequence of operations: 1805.
The ability to change the pattern of the loom's weave by simply changing cards was an important precursor to the development of computer programming.
The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design.
Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and the many cards that compose the design of the textile are strung together in order.

7. The Analytic Engine Charles Babbage: 1791–1871
An English mathematician and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer.
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. He never actually completed construction, but the design was sound.

8. The Analytic Engine Ada Lovelace: 1815-1852
A mathematician, created a program for the Analytical Engine to calculate numbers in the Bernoulli sequence.
Lovelace is widely credited with being the first computer programmer
Ada is a programming language named after her.

9. Hollerith's Census Machine
Herman Hollerith
Invents a machine to assist in counting the U.S. Census
1890 census is completed in 3 months
Hollerith creates the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896.
This company becomes IBM in 1924
The 1880 census took almost a decade to complete due to a large immigration.
Without the machine it is estimated that the 1890 census would have required at least 2 more years. The machine electrically read and tabulated punched cards.
After several name changes Hollerith’s company becomes IBM as part of a 1924 merger.

10. What makes a computer modern?
__________: not mechanical
__________: not analog
______________: programs and data are essentially the same.
Electronic
Digital
Can be programmed

11. Modern Computers Differential Analyzer ENIAC: Completed in 1942.
Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer
Completed 1945.
fills a room
Uses 19,000 vacuum tubes and 1,000 relays
The Differential Analyzer had 2000 vacuum tubes and weighed 100 tons. The differential analyzer was analog, not digital.
Atanasoff received his PhD in Physics from UW-Mad. In 1940 Atanasoff told Mauchly about ABC and visited the US Patent Office. The Des Moines Register printed an article about ABC in 1941.
ENIAC was contracted by the US Ordinance Dep’t to calculate ballistic trajectories, but wasn’t finished until after WWII ends.
ENIAC weighs 30 tons, consumes kW, uses IBM punch cards for I/O
Thomas Watson was CEO of IBM when Mark I was created.It weighed 5 tons and was 8 feet tall by 50 feet long. It “sounded like a room full of ladies knitting”.
Zuse (a civil engineer) designed Z1 (in parent’s home) a binary electrical calculator w/limited programming creates Z3 a functional program-controlled computer. In 1948 he creates the first high-level language - Plankakul - forerunner to Algol.

12. Computing Systems A computing system is composed of
hardware: the physical components of the system
software: the “instructions” that control the hardware
Hardware components include:
Motherboard
Central processing unit (CPU)
Memory (RAM / Drives)
IO Devices
Video Card
Sound Card
Network Card

13. Computing System
Video
Keyboard Mouse
Sound
CPU
Memory
Network

14. Hardware: Motherboard
Slots for cards
Slot for RAM
Slot for CPU
PCIs
Memory
CPU

15. Hardware: CPU Central Processing Unit
An electronic chip that performs instructions
The “brains” of a computing system
A CPU can only perform very simple tasks:
Can add/subtract/multiply/divide two numbers
Can compare two numbers to see if one is smaller/larger
Can copy/move data from one place to another
CPU’s appear more powerful than this since these tasks are done very quickly

16. Hardware: CPU

17. Hardware: CPU

18. Hardware: CPU

19. Hardware: Storage
All information needed for computing must be “storable”
The instructions that a CPU must perform
The data that the CPU requires as input
The data that the CPU generates as output
Computer storage (or memory) is used to “remember” these things

20. Past and Future
ICs (computer chips) are created by Robert Noyce & Jack Kilby in mid 60's
Noyce founds Intel in 1970
Gordon Moore is the other Intel co-founder
Moore is most widely known for a prediction he made that has been surprisingly correct.
Moore's Law: computer hardware will double in complexity every 18 months.
In 2000 Noyce received the Nobel prize in physics for this work.
Moore made his prediction in 1965!