1. + I V V R (Ω) - R + V - V R (Ω) ref(erence) = 0V = ground DC th th
VΩ com A
DVM
Variable Resistor R
Resistance-
Controlled
Voltage th
Voltage Divider +
Voltage and current are the fundamental elements of electricity. This card represents voltage sources that are constant, that output current that is also constant. We call these ‘direct current’ or DC sources. DC means the voltage (or current) is constant.
A battery is a good example of this kind of voltage. Voltages have positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, shown here. The current also has a polarity, shown by the direction of the arrow. The arrow always comes OUT of the positive terminal of the battery. The TAIL of the current is (-) and the arrowhead of the current is (+).
Note that there cards are set up so the black border indicates the side you would see physically. The sides with the red border indicate what you would see in a circuit diagram. There are two common ways of showing VDC in a circuit diagram, for instance.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is all about ‘What can you do to a voltage (or current)?’ V - V + Vs - th A
Vout=
Vs / A
Thevenin
Equivalent
R (Ω)

2. + I + - V V - R (Ω) I=Vth/Rth R1 R R2 R (Ω) DC ref(erence) = 0V
= ground + -
VΩ com A
DVM
R (Ω) I
Variable Resistor DC + - V DC
R (Ω)
I=Vth/Rth
Sensor Bridge R1
R+ΔR
Voltage and current are the fundamental elements of electricity. This card represents voltage sources that are constant, that output current that is also constant. We call these ‘direct current’ or DC sources. DC means the voltage (or current) is constant.
A battery is a good example of this kind of voltage. Voltages have positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, shown here. The current also has a polarity, shown by the direction of the arrow. The arrow always comes OUT of the positive terminal of the battery. The TAIL of the current is (-) and the arrowhead of the current is (+).
Note that there cards are set up so the black border indicates the side you would see physically. The sides with the red border indicate what you would see in a circuit diagram. There are two common ways of showing VDC in a circuit diagram, for instance.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is all about ‘What can you do to a voltage (or current)?’ R + Vs - th
V2=
VsR2
R1+R2 R2
Norton
Equivalent
𝑉𝑜 ≈ 𝑉𝑜 ∆𝑅 𝑅
Voltage Divider

3. AA=1 1 AA A-A 1 V Vcc -Vcc V =AV V = -AV V =V V1 V2 V V1 V2 V1 V2 X Xp 1 n
Vcc
-Vcc
Voltage Controlled Switch V in
out
=AV AA V in
out
= -AV
A-A
Inverting Amplifier X V in
out =V
AA=1
Unity Gain /Buffer Amplifier X
Non-Inverting Amplifier X V1
Vo=AV1+BV2 V2
Non-Inverting Summer X A B + V p 1 n
Voltage Controlled Switch V1
Vo=-AV1-BV2 V2
Inverting Summer X -A -B + V1
Vo=AV1-BV2 V2
Differencing Amp X A -B +
Voltage and current are the fundamental elements of electricity. This card represents voltage sources that are constant, that output current that is also constant. We call these ‘direct current’ or DC sources. DC means the voltage (or current) is constant.
A battery is a good example of this kind of voltage. Voltages have positive (+) and negative (-) polarities, shown here. The current also has a polarity, shown by the direction of the arrow. The arrow always comes OUT of the positive terminal of the battery. The TAIL of the current is (-) and the arrowhead of the current is (+).
Note that there cards are set up so the black border indicates the side you would see physically. The sides with the red border indicate what you would see in a circuit diagram. There are two common ways of showing VDC in a circuit diagram, for instance.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING is all about ‘What can you do to a voltage (or current)?’

4. Non-Inverting Amplifier
Vo = Vs
Vo = Vs (-Rf/Rs)
Vo= Vs (R1+R2)/R2
Inverting Amplifier
Buffer (Unity Gain)
Non-Inverting Amplifier
(On)
(Off)
0 (Off)
Differential Amp
Inverting Summer
Non-Inverting Summer

5. Example: Resistive Sensor System
All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. © 2013 National Technology and Science Press
Circuits, Second Edition by Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, © NTS Press, Used with Permission by the Publisher

6. Example: Averaging Circuit
Problem 4.27
Circuits, Second Edition by Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, © NTS Press, Used with Permission by the Publisher
All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. © 2013 National Technology and Science Press

7. Example: Linear Voltage Combination
Vo2 = 3V1 + 4V2 -5V3 – 8V4
All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute. © 2013 National Technology and Science Press
Circuits, Second Edition by Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, © NTS Press, Used with Permission by the Publisher