1.  a change in the genetic information of an organism
MUTATIONS
 a change in the genetic information of an organism

2. Types of mutations Point Mutations
simple change in one base of the gene
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

3. Types of mutations Substitution THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT HAT ATE THE RAT

4. Types of mutations Insertion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE RAT

5. Types of mutations Deletion THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT ATE THE RAT

6. Types of mutations Frameshift Mutations
one or more bases are inserted or deleted
Insertion
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT HCA TAT ETH ERA T
Deletion
TEF ATC ATA TET GER AT H H

7. Causes of mutations DNA fails to copy exactly
External influences can create mutations

8. The effects of mutations
No effects
Small change appears
Big change

9. Examples for effects

10. Mutations are random theory A theory B
Resistance of lice were always there
Lice shampoo make the lice resistant

11. The Lederberg experiment
Bacteria – spread - on plate -
"original plate."

12. The Lederberg experiment
Bacteria - allowed - grow into several different colonies

13. The Lederberg experiment
layout of colonies - stamped from original plate onto new plate that contains the antibiotic penicillin

14. The Lederberg experiment
Colonies X and Y - on stamped plate survive. must carry mutation for penicillin resistance

15. The Lederberg experiment
Did the colonies on the new plate produce antibiotic resistance because they were exposed(ausgesetzt) to penicillin?"