1. Challenges to FDR’s Foreign Policy
Germany attacks! (led by Adolf Hitler)
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, France
Italy attacks! (led by Benito Mussolini)
Ethiopia (eastern Africa)
Japan attacks! (led by Hideki Tojo)
China (Manchurian peninsula)
FDR believed American should help its allies, prevent totalitarian dictators from spreading their influence
NEUTRALITY ACTS OUTLAWED American sales of arms to nations at war (isolationism)
Why would America want to stay neutral?

2. The Axis

3. The Allies

4. Isn’t there an international group to prevent this kind of aggression?

5. Lend-Lease Act
1941: Congress passes law to cancel the old “cash & carry” policy and strengthen the “arsenal of democracy” by SENDING WEAPONS to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States”
$50 billion worth of weapons
Provide arms to certain foreign democracies.
FDR’s Atlantic Charter agreement goes a step further to create the “ALLIES” (US & Britain)
How neutral does America look now?

6. Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941: an unprovoked attack on American naval base in Hawaii
2,403 killed; 1,178 injured
Much of US Pacific navy fleet destroyed
FDR calls it “a date which will live in infamy”
94% of Americans had been isolationists before the attack in Hawaii
After the attack, America changed its mind
FDR DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN (but has to help Britain with Germany first)
What does December 7th have in common with September 11th?

7. The U.S. Enters the War
The United States entered the fighting of World War II in 1941, though hostilities had been taking place in Europe since 1939.
The grand strategy employed by the United States, Great Britain, and the other Allied Forces in World War II was to use the bulk of their resources to defeat Nazi Germany first before focusing on Japan.

8. Mobilization for WWII 5 million American volunteer
Another 10 million drafted (Selective Service)
18 million working in war industries
Less than 25% hired African Americans
Selective Service and War Production Board a sign the U.S. is mobilizing.
Weekly paychecks rose 35%
Unemployment falls to 1.2%
Impacted the American economy by permanently ending the Great Depression.

9. Women of the War Iconic image from World War II.
Symbolizes women who joined the workforce in heavy industry.

10. Rationing
Office of Price Administration (OPA) set limits on prices, keeping them managable (slow down the inflation!)
OPA also set up a system where households received rationing coupons (c-books) to be used for buying such scarce goods as meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and gasoline.
Americans participated in order to control consumption of resources.

11. War-time Conversion
War Production Board (WPB) said which industries would switch to wartime production
Mechanical pencils turned out bomb parts
Bedspread maker made mosquito netting.
Soft-drink company started filling explosives.
WPB also set a list of conserved materials
Iron, tin, paper, cooking fat
What may have Henry Ford’s company converted to during World War II?

12. A. Philip Randolph
A. Philip Randolph was a well known civil rights leader. During the 1940s, his work was focused mainly on ending racial discrimination of war industries “
We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and Fight for Our Country.”
FDR backed down and issued an executive order making discrimination in defense industrial hiring illegal
Who does A. Philip Randolph remind you of?
Frederick Douglass?
WEB DuBois?
Martin Luther King, Jr.?

13. Japanese-American Internment
In 1942, FDR ordered removal of 110,000 Japanese-Americans to “relocation centers” (prison camp)
2/3 were Nisei (born in US)
German and Italian Americans
Necessary because the public safety of the U.S. was in jeopardy.
The Supreme Court said the camps were legal in the name of military necessity

14. Women in War Industries
6 million women come to work (35% of work force) in order to keep the economy running
And women in war!
WAAC (Women’s Auxiliary Army Commission) never in combat positions
How have women’s roles and expectations evolved from (a) World War I, (b) the Roaring Twenties, (c) The Great Depression, and now (d) World War II?

16. Who is Theodore Geisel? A clue… I would not like them here or there.
I would not like them anywhere.
I do not like green eggs and ham.
I do not like them Sam I Am.
- Dr. Seuss (T. Geisel)
During World War II, Dr. Seuss was an active cartoonist/propagandist in support of the war.

17. Describe the fight to win World War II.
Who were the two main nations the US fought against in WWII?
Where are these nations located?
How might their locations make this a tough war to fight?

18. D-Day
June 6, 1944
General Dwight D. Eisenhower planned a major attack from Britain to the northern beaches of France
“Operation Overlord” will be the largest land-sea-air operation in army history!
Seven days of fighting along an 80mile coast marked the beginning of the Allied victory in Europe
Marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany.

19. D-Day

20. The Fall of Berlin
Once Berlin fell, the Allies could claim victory in Europe.
Allies began to liberate the death camps of the Holocaust
Then the Soviet army stormed Berlin
Rather than surrender his capital city, Hitler committed suicide
ALLIES CELEBRATE V-E DAY (Victory in Europe)
May 8, 1945
Hitler & Germany have been defeated, is the war over now?

21. Fall of Berlin

22. Battle of Midway
The TURNING POINT battle in the Pacific; stops the growth of the Japanese sea empire
Huge morale boost for Americans
Opens the Allied strategy of “island hopping” toward Japan
What battle in Europe
does this compare to?

23. Battle of Midway

24. Surrender finally comes
The Atomic Bomb
The MANHATTAN PROJECT
TOP SECRET project led by J. Robert Oppenheimer to develop an atomic bomb in LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
Surrender finally comes
Why drop these bombs?

25. Economic & Political Implications of Dropping the Atomic Bomb
General Douglas MacArthur leads US occupation and reconstruction of Japan
Nuclear Power could also be used for new domestic technologies
Soviet Union was deeply offended we didn’t tell them about the atomic bomb testing
Couldn’t we trust them? Were we trying to send a message of strength to them?
President Harry S. Truman’s war reputation is emboldened as America celebrates V-J Day (Victory of Japan)
Wait a second, where did President Truman come from? I thought FDR was the president that took us into WWII…

26. Describe the Cold War’s effect on America at home & abroad.
Read the paragraph that defines the Cold War on page 812 (textbook)
Restate the definition in your own words, without the open textbook

27. Competition with USSR The Cold War
We built an atomic bomb
Then they built one of their own
Harry S. Truman used the United Nations (UN) to gain allies and trade partnerships
Joseph Stalin would do the same
US wanted to encourage self-determination and democracy
USSR wanted to encourage communism
US wanted to rebuild European governments and put Germany together
USSR wanted to control Eastern Europe (buffer) and divide East & West Germany
US created their first peacetime alliance (NATO) for military support between US and 11 Western European nations
USSR created their own alliance set as well (Warsaw Pact)

28. NATO vs Warsaw Pact

29. McCarthyism
Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin) brought the issue of anti-communism to America’s front pages and living rooms
Stirs up a whirlwind fever – claiming to have a list of 57 (no 81, no 205!) communists working in the US State Department
Accused Democrats of being soft on communism
Another term suggesting a person is making unsupported accusations.

30. Describe the Cold War’s effect on America at home & abroad.
How has the war in Iraq affected your lives? How has it affected America in their policies at home and overseas?
Why do you think the Cold War caused such a ruckus and fear even though no shots were ever fired?

31. Truman Integrates the Military
President Harry Truman
“I am asking for equality of opportunity for all human beings, and if that ends up in my failure to be reelected, that failure will be in good cause.”
In 1948 ordered integration of armed forces and an end of discrimination in government hiring practices
Could this kind of move cost Harry Truman his hopes of reelection in 1948?

32. Truman Doctrine
“it must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”
What “outside pressures”?
How can the US support?
US financial aid would help to contain the spread of communism where it was and prevent it from spreading to democracies the US supported

33. Marshall Plan 16 countries – four years - $13 billion in aid
Chaotic Western European nations needed reconstruction
Secretary of State George Marshall said that it was directed “not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos”
Purpose was to rebuild post WWII western European democracies.

34. “Losing” China
China was in a civil war in the 1940s
(US supported) Nationalists vs. Communists
Mao Zedong gathered support among Chinese rural peasants to take control of communist China
America had spent $3,000,000,000 to help Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek
BUT America is not willing to go to a military solution over China – they’re too big and the USSR might get involved
Is China a communist country today?

36. Korean War
In 1950, communist North Korean forces flooded over the 38th parallel into democratic South Korea (whom the US was supposed to protect)
Truman sent General Douglas MacArthur back into action (he had served in the Pacific in WWII)
MacArthur’s strong push is successful until China adds support to North Korea and pushes back
MacArthur begged Truman for greenlight to attack China, Truman refuses, MacArthur criticizes, Truman fires him (America’s favorite war hero at the time)
The war ended in a stalemate – as the 38th parallel remained the border
54,000 Americans died in Korea
America spent $67 billion
What are America’s gains and losses from the Korean war?