1. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

2. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
Architects using several types of drawings to show how a building is designed. The following are drawings that architects typically need or create in process of designing a building:
Site Plans/Plot Plans
Land Survey
Floor Plans
Elevations
Perspective Drawings
Isometric Drawings
Sections

3. WHAT IS A SITE PLAN/PLOT PLAN?
Paving (sidewalks, paths)
Property Lines
A site plan or plot plan is an architectural drawing viewed from straight above that shows the shape, size, location, and orientation of each building on the site.
Existing and proposed landscaping symbols and notes (trees, bushes, shrubs, plants, etc.) may appear and a Site Plan. Paths around a house should also be shown.
The shape, size, location, and orientation of each building on the site are often depicted not just by the object lines but also dimensions.
Landscaping symbols

4. ELEMENTS OF A SITE PLAN Roads Utilities Gas Lines Water Lines
Sewer Lines
Electrical Lines
Existing and proposed landscaping symbols and notes (trees, bushes, shrubs, plants, etc.) may appear and a Site Plan. Paths around a house should also be shown.
The shape, size, location, and orientation of each building on the site are often depicted not just by the object lines but also dimensions.

5. WHAT IS A LAND SURVEY?
A survey made before a building is designed and constructed to determine the land features and exact boundaries of a property.
A survey determines the size, shape, and boundaries (property lines) of a building site or using geometry and trigonometry.
Land surveys are normally created by civil engineers or surveyors. Architects often use the land survey to verify the dimensions of a property before designing a building. Surveyors may come to a site to mark off site boundaries before the construction of a building.

6. WHAT ITEMS APPEAR ON LAND SURVEYS?
A datum point marks a fixed height in a city or on a specific site from which any other point on the building is measured.
Land surveys are normally created by civil engineers or surveyors.
Benchmarks/elevation symbols marks the corners of a property and is used to indicate elevation (height).

7. EXAMPLES OF SITE/PLOT PLANS

8. WHAT IS A FLOOR PLAN?
A floor plan is an architectural drawing of a building with the roof removed as seen from above.
The cutting plane/cutting plane line is the imaginary line or slice on a floor plan drawing showing where a building is “cut.”
In a floor plan, the building is cut horizontally and all items 4 feet above the ground are removed so that only the portion the floor below 4 feet above the ground can be seen from above.

9. WHAT IS A FLOOR PLAN?
What method of drawings is used to create a floor plan?
Orthographic Projection. The portion of the building seen from above may be in three dimensions but the drawing shows these elements only in two dimensions: length and width. There is no sense of height.
How are objects above 4 feet shown on a floor plan?
Objects above 4 feet are shown with dashed lines because they are hidden.
What are some of the objects shown with dashed lines in the floor plan on this slide?
Shelving in the closet, closet rod, wall cabinets in the kitchen.

10. Types of floor plans
Schematic diagrams are made to help the client understand how their building will be designed while construction drawings are made for contractors to determine the cost of construction and construct the building according to the architects specifications.
A schematic diagram is a drawing produced later in the design process that more fully explains the architectural design to show the general relationships and space requirements of the project
Construction drawings are very accurate drawings showing the design, location, and dimensions of all parts of the building.

11. WHAT IS An elevation?
An Elevation Drawings is a scaled drawing of one side of a building.
Elevation Drawings emphasize the length/width and the height of a building as well as showing materials and openings (windows and doors).

12. WHAT IS An elevation?
Elevation Drawings are created using Orthographic Projection. A side of the building is flattened when shown in two dimensions on paper. Only the surfaces of the building perpendicular to the viewer can be seen.
What other drawing also cuts through a building so the interior can be seen? How is this drawing different?
Floor plans cut through a building horizontally. The cutting plane is normally 4 feet above the ground.

13. WHAT IS AN ELEVATION DRAWING?
What other drawing also cuts through a building so the interior can be seen? How is this drawing different?
Floor plans cut through a building horizontally. The cutting plane is normally 4 feet above the ground.
Interior elevation drawings show the inside walls of a space.

14. WHAT IS AN ELEVATION DRAWING?
Elevation Tags help indicate the distance in feet and inches from another reference point (normally the ground plane line/grade line).
The ground plane line is normally a heavy line that helps indicate the ground. It is important on elevation drawings to show where the foundation of the building meets the earth. Items below ground/grade are shown with dashed lines and the distance shown in the elevation tag is typically negative.

15. EXAMPLES OF elevation drawings

16. PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS/VIEWS
A perspective drawing/view shows a three dimensional object as the eye or a camera would see it.
The vanishing point is the imaginary point at the back of a drawing where all lines converge. The human eye is normally focused on the vanishing point
WHAT IS THE VANISHING POINT?

17. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
Perspective View sketch of the Farnsworth House
Plano. Illinois
How are Isometric Drawings similar/different from Perspective Drawings?
Isometric Drawings are generated using Orthographic projection. Unlike perspective drawings, lines/planes parallel to each other do not converge towards a point. Both drawings show the length, width, and height of an object. Isometric drawings are not fixed on a vanishing point.
An Isometric Drawing is a drawing of a three dimension object showing three sides of the object.
Isometric sketch of the Farnsworth House

18. PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS/VIEWS
Elevation drawing of a building
How are Perspective Drawings similar/different from Elevation Drawings?
Elevation Drawings are generated using Orthographic projection. Unlike perspective drawings, there is no sense of depth except for the use of changes in line weight. Slanted surfaces may appear narrower than they actually are in the real world. Curved surfaces are flattened in Elevation Drawings. Only the surfaces perpendicular to the viewer can be seen in Elevation Drawings. The focus of a Perspective drawing is the vanishing point and all surfaces are drawn as seen by the eye/camera.
Perspective view of a building
WHAT IS THE VANISHING POINT?

19. WHAT IS A BUILDING SECTION?
A building section is a scaled drawing of a building showing what it would look like if the entire building was sliced vertically, and then a part removed, so that interior can be seen.
What other drawing also cuts through a building so the interior can be seen? How is this drawing different?
Floor plans cut through a building horizontally. The cutting plane is normally 4 feet above the ground.

20. WHAT IS A BUILDING SECTION?
Building sections can be cut in two ways:
Longitudinal – through the length of the building technical drawing.
Cross – through the width of the building technical drawing.

21. CREATING A BUILDING SECTION
Orthographic projection is utilized to create building sections. Architects make reference to floor plan and elevation drawings.
The Floor Plan establishes the length or width of the building while the Elevation drawing establishes the height of elements on the exterior of the building.

22. BUILDING SECTION SYMBOL
A building section symbol typically looks like this
The line attached to the elevation symbol helps define the cutting plane.
The cutting plane line is meant to be continuous. However, Architects normally show a portion of the cutting plane line as it cuts through the walls on both sides of the building (Front/Back or Sides) so that this line isn’t confused with other lines on the drawing (i.e. dimension lines, object lines).
The thick bar at the end of the section symbol shows the direction of view.

23. BUILDING SECTION SYMBOL
The Longitudinal Section through the house cuts through the Living Room and Dining Room on the First Floor of the house. One would be able to see the stairs in the section. If the direction of view is changed, one would see the Kitchen, Coat Closet and Powder Room doors, and the Living Room furniture. The Cross Section of the house can be seen on the slide about Design Sections.

24. TYPES OF BUILDING SECTIONS
There are three types of building sections with which we should be familiar:
Design sections
Construction sections
Walls sections

25. TYPES OF BUILDING SECTIONS
Design Sections
A simplified drawing of a building that helps to show the arrangement and relationship between spaces inside a building.
Design Sections are for the client to understand how spaces are related between floors. In the picture above, the Powder Room located on the First Floor of the house is directly under the Bathroom on the Second Floor. Architects often draw people to give the client a sense of scale.

26. TYPES OF BUILDING SECTIONS
Construction Sections
A section drawing that indicates
Specific materials
Connections
Dimensions of the building
Construction Sections are created for contractors/subcontractors to use in the pricing and construction of a building. Notes often specify types of materials and how these elements will be connected (screws, bolts, nails, clips, etc.).

27. TYPES OF BUILDING SECTIONS
Wall Sections
A more detailed section showing connections between a wall and a floor/roof Also mentions specific materials and dimensions of the building.
A Wall Section is a Construction Section drawn to a larger scale in order to isolate specific construction details. A wall section may show how a wall is supporting a roof or how an opening for a window/door is framed within a wall.

28. WHERE ARE SECTIONS USED IN OTHER PROFESSIONS?
Sections are used in medical professions to study parts of the human body.
Scientist often dissect organisms and create sections of the organs on the inside of the body. Often times we see sections of different systems within the body while visiting a doctors office.

29. HOW ARE SECTIONS USED IN OTHER PROFESSIONS?
A section was created using the map of New Orleans to help explain the flooding during Hurricane Katrina.
Cartographers often make maps of cities. They may also create sections to study the topography (slope of the land) in a particular area.

30. HOW ARE SECTIONS USED IN OTHER PROFESSIONS?
Sections are used to help explain how technology works.
Sections can be cut in three dimensions as well as two dimensions.