1. Newcastle Disease

2. INTRODUCTION
Newcastle disease virus varies widely in the type and severity of the disease it produces.
ND is particularly complicated in that different isolates and strains of the virus may induce enormous variation in the severity of disease, even in a given host such as the chicken.

3. To simplify matters, division into forms or pathotypes of disease based on clinical signs in chickens has been made as summarized by Beard and Hanson

4. 1) Doyle’s form, which is an acute, lethal infection of all ages of chickens. Hemorrhagic lesions of the digestive tract are frequently present, and this form of disease has been termed viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND).
2) Beach’s form, which is an acute, often lethal infection of chickens of all ages. Characteristically, respiratory and neurological signs are seen, hence the term neurotropic velogenic (NVND).

5. 3) Beaudette’s form that appears to be a less pathogenic form of NVND in which deaths usually are seen only in young birds. Viruses causing this type of infection are of the mesogenic pathotype and have been used as secondary live vaccines.
4) Hitchner’s form , represented by mild or inapparent respiratory infections caused by viruses of the lentogenic pathotype, which are commonly used as live vaccines.
5)Asymptomatic-enteric form , which is chiefly a gut infection with lentogenic viruses causing no obvious disease. Some live commercial vaccines are of this pathotype.

6. ETIOLOGY
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
Family Paramyxoviridae

7. Transmission
Infection may take place by either inhalation or ingestion and that spread from one bird to another depends on the availability of the virus in an infectious form.

8. Clinical Signs
Newcastle disease virus isolates can be broadly grouped into pathotypes on the basis of clinical signs, which in turn are affected by the strain of virus. Other factors also important in establishing the severity of the disease are the host species, host age, host immune status, coinfection with other organisms, environmental stress, social stress, route of exposure, and the virus dose

9. Clinical Signs
With extremely virulent viruses, the disease may appear suddenly, with high mortality occurring in the absence of other clinical signs. In outbreaks in chickens due to the VVND pathotype, clinical signs often begin with listlessness, increased respiration, and weakness, ending with prostration and death.

10. This type of vND may cause edema around the eyes and head
This type of vND may cause edema around the eyes and head. Green diarrhea is frequently seen in birds that do not die early in infection, and prior to death, muscular tremors, torticollis, paralysis of legs and wings, and opisthotonos may be apparent.
Mortality frequently reaches 100% in flocks of fully susceptible chickens.

11. The neurotropic velogenic form of ND has been reported mainly in the United States. In chickens, it is marked by sudden onset of severe respiratory disease followed a day or two later by neurologic signs. Egg production falls dramatically, but diarrhea is usually absent.
Morbidity may reach 100%. Mortality is generally considerably lower, although up to 50% in adult birds and 90% in young chickens have been recorded.

12. Mesogenic strains of NDV usually cause respiratory disease in field infections. In adult birds, there may be a marked drop in egg production that may last for several weeks. Nervous signs may occur but are not common.
Mortality in fowl is usually low, except in very young and susceptible bird, but may be considerably affected by exacerbating conditions.

13. Lentogenic viruses do not usually cause disease in adults
Lentogenic viruses do not usually cause disease in adults. In young, fully susceptible birds, serious respiratory disease problems can be seen, often resulting in mortality, following infection with the more pathogenic LaSota strains complicated by infections with one or more of a range of other micro- organisms. Vaccination or infection of broilers close to slaughter with these viruses can lead to colisepticemia or airsacculitis, with resulting condemnation.

14. Gross Lesions
As with clinical signs, the gross lesions and the organs affected in birds infected with NDV are dependent on the strain and pathotype of the infecting virus, in addition to the host and all the other factors that may affect the severity of the disease.
No pathognomonic lesions are associated with any form of the disease. Gross lesions may also be absent.

15. Nevertheless, the presence of hemorrhagic lesions in the intestine of infected chickens has been used to distinguish VVND viruses from NVND viruses. These lesions are often particularly prominent in the mucosa of the proventriculus, ceca, and small intestine. They are markedly hemorrhagic and appear to result from necrosis of the intestinal wall or lymphoid tissues such as cecal tonsils and Peyer’s patches.

16. DIAGNOSIS Isolation and Identification of Causative Agent Serology
Differential Diagnosis
influenza

17. INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Management Procedures
International Control Policies
National Control Policies
Control and Prevention at the Farm Level
Vaccination
Live Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines

18. Hemorrhage in the mucosa of the proventriculus

19. Enlarged and necrotic cecal tonsils