1. Foreign Animal Diseases in Poultry Angie Dement Extension Associate for Veterinary Medicine Texas AgriLife Extension Service The Texas A&M System http://aevm.tamu.edu Improving Lives. Improving Texas.

3. “Avian Flu” “Bird Flu” Viral disease Two classifications or forms Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) –risk to poultry industry –reportable –endemic disease –most common class High-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) –serious damage to poultry industry –reportable –epidemic disease Disease severity and symptoms determine class

4. Zoonotic disease (Rare) HPAI class Mutates – potentially infectious to people limited bird to people via bird feces unusual people to people not a pandemic (global) human flu 115 human deaths (1/04-5/06) – SE Asia Human Flu: 36,000 human deaths/yr – US

5. Vaccines under development Antiviral drugs available Accelerated monitoring and surveillance Advanced diagnostic technologies Advanced information delivery technologies

6. Affects many bird species: Chickens Turkeys Pheasants Quail Geese Ducks Guinea fowl

7. Causative Agent Caused by influenza strain A virus Over 144 subtypes of type HN by combinations of H and N H = Hemaglutinin N = Neuraminidase examples = H1N2, H2N2, H7N2

8. Types H5 and H7 mutates from LPAI to HPAI FAD (not in US) Subtype H5N1 (epidemics) HPAI bird to bird, rarely to people Asia Subtype H7N7 (epidemics) HPAI bird to bird, rarely to people The Netherlands Various Subtypes of HN (endemics) LPAI bird to bird, not to people US

9. Virus denatured by : Heat –Proper cooking Drying Most disinfectants/detergents

10. Transmission Natural reservoir: Migratory waterfowl Virus in intestines Virus shed in feces

11. “One gram of contaminated manure can contain enough virus to infect 1 million birds.”

12. Bird - bird direct contact Feces –fecal to oral transmission most common Saliva Nasal excretions

13. Bird – environment - bird indirect contact: Mechanical contamination Environmental transmission –Manure –Equipment –Vehicles –Egg flats –Crates –People articles

14. Diagnosis LPAI No symptoms Low-risk virus HPAI Symptoms Sudden death before symptoms High-risk virus –virulent –highly infectious –respiratory disease

15. Symptoms: Sudden death Lack energy/appetite Decreased egg production Egg deformities Swellings Red and purple skin Nasal discharge Coughing/sneezing Incoordination Diarrhea

19. Prevention BIOSECURITY! Lock houses Special clothing Don’t visit other houses Control visitors Cleanliness Submit sick birds Dispose of dead birds Restricted area signs No live-bird market birds Sanitary/disinfectant protocols

20. Regulation and Eradication Texas FEAD Response Plan –identify positive animals and destroy –reduce amount of time to get back test results –track origin of suspect animals LPAI –quarantine –may destroy birds (depopulation) with evidence of mutation –disinfect premises HPAI –quarantine –destroy birds (depopulation) –disinfect premises

21. Previously known as Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease (VVND) –Viral disease –Affects all bird species –Highly contagious –Most infectious poultry disease –Reportable –Zoonotic Exotic Newcastle Disease

22. Causative Agent Virus –Serotype group Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) Highly resilient

23. Transmission Virus excreted by –Feces –Nose –Mouth –Eyes Virus enters by –Ingestion –Inhalation

25. Spread by: –Direct contact –Mechanical means –Human contamination Incubation period is 2 to15 days Highly contagious in all bird species Some birds die without symptoms

26. Diagnosis Clinical signs include: –Respiratory –Digestive –Nervous –Egg production –Swelling –Death – if flocks are not vaccinated, death rate will be 100% if animals become infected

28. Maintain biosecurity measures No pet birds Diseased birds to diagnostic lab Know health status of birds before bringing them to farm Prevention

30. Regulation and Eradication Texas FEAD Emergency Response Plan –identify positive animals and destroy –reduce amount of time to get back test results –track origin of suspect animals

31. #1 response procedure is to destroy an infected flock and impose a strict quarantine. Clean entire premises Wait 30 days before repopulating Control insect/rodent population

32. Deactivate virus by: –Sun exposure (UV rays) –Rapid dehydration The virus can survive for weeks in warm, humid environments and indefinitely on frozen material.

33. Poultry Biosecurity Keep Your Distance Keep It Clean Don’t Haul Disease Home Don’t Borrow Disease From Your Neighbor Know the Warning Signs of Infectious Bird Diseases Report Sick Birds

34. Questions