1. Skeletal and Muscular Systems
To be used with Skeletal and Muscular Systems Guided Notes
Adapted from: M. Baroody

2. Movement Movement is a Life Function for all living things
Locomotion: change in position of an organism
Tropism Walking/Sliding

3. Locomotion Why do we need to move? Survival Value of Locomotion
1. Get food and shelter
2. Escape from predators
3. Move to regions better suited to survival
4. Find mates
5. Move away from toxic wastes

4. Human Locomotion
What allows us to move?
Skeleton and Muscles

5. Functions of the Skeleton
1. Supporting framework for internal organs and tissues.
2. Anchorage sites for muscle action.
3. Protects the internal organs.
4. Provides leverage for body movement.
5. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
The bones also store minerals.

6. Cartilage Cartilage: tough, fibrous, elastic connective tissue
Cartilage Functions
1. Pliable (stretchable) support 2. Flexibility of joints 3. Cushioning of joints
Cartilage makes up most of the embryo's skeleton.
Most of this cartilage changes to bone by adulthood.

7. Cartilage

8. Ligaments
Ligaments: connect bones to bones (joints) tough and elastic

9. Tendons
Tendons: tough inelastic fibrous cords which attach muscles to bones

10. Tendons and Ligaments
A is a tendon (it connects the bone at D to the muscle at B) C is a ligament (connects bones)

11. Muscles Muscles only body tissue able to contract
create movement by flexing and extending joints
body energy converters (many muscle cells contain many mitochondria)

12. Types of Muscle: Smooth
Smooth Muscle:
Smooth in appearance
Involuntary in action
Slowly contracting
but contractions are
long in duration
Lines blood vessels, alimentary canal, and body openings

13. Types of Muscle: Skeletal
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary in action
Contain many striped
long fibers called striations
Found in association
with skeletal bones
the nervous system interacts with skeletal muscles to produce motion

14. Types of Muscle: Cardiac
Cardiac Muscle:
Resembles skeletal
muscle with lined
appearance
Involuntary in action
Composes the hardest working muscle-- the heart

15. Muscle Contractions Myosin, Actin, Cross-bridges
Muscles can only pull, cannot push
Voluntary – Can control
Such as:
Involuntary – Cannot control
Force increases with the number of fibers that are stimulated

16. Muscle Contractions
Violent muscle contractions require a lot of oxygen.
If oxygen is not available muscle fatigue will set in.
Muscle fatigue: results from oxygen debt
lactic acid accumulates in skeletal muscles
rest restores the oxygen balance

17. Disruptions in Homeostasis
Arthritis: joint inflammation

18. Disruptions in Homeostasis
Tendonitis: tendon inflammation at bone junctures
a common condition in athletes

19. Disruptions in Homeostasis
Types of bone breaks (fractures):
Range from a simple fracture to a compound fracture

20. Body Cavity
Cranial Cavity
Holds the Brain and is bounded by the skull

21. Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity
Holds the lungs and heart and is bounded by the ribs, sternum, diaphragm, and spine

22. Body Cavity Abdominal Cavity
Holds the stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, spleen, bladder, and reproductive organs. Bounded by the diaphragm, ribs, abdominal muscle, and pelvis