1. 4 SIKLUS BIOGEOKIMIA DUA TIPE SIKLUS BIOGEOKIMIA:
UNSUR-UNSUR KIMIA, BERSIRKULASI DALAM BIOSFER MELALUI ALUR DARI LINGKUNGAN KE ORGANISME LALU KEMBALI KE LINGKUNGAN
PERGERAKAN UNSUR-UNSUR BAHAN ANORGANIK TERSEBUT DAN ESENSIAL BAGI KEHIDUPAN DISEBUT SEBAGAI “NUTRIENT CYCLING”
DUA TIPE SIKLUS BIOGEOKIMIA:
1. TIPE GAS: RESERVOIR DI ATMOSFER/HYDROSFER
2. TIPE SEDIMENTASI: RESERVOIR DI LAPISAN BUMI
DALAM SIKLUS ADA DUA KOMPARTMEN (POOL)
1. Reservoir pool (storage pool)
Besar, pergerakan lamban, umumnya komponen non biologis
Sedikit, aktif, berpindah cepat dari orang --> lingkungan
2. Exchange pool (Active pool)

2. GENERAL FEATURE OF MATERIAL CYCLES
ACTIVE POOL
STORAGE POOL
PHYSICAL PROCESS
LIFE PROCESS
GENERAL FEATURE OF MATERIAL CYCLES

3. THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
PROTOPLASM
PLANTS --> ANIMALS
Bacteria
BACTERIA & FUNGI OF DECAY
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria & Algae
Protein Synthesis
NITRATES
Shallow marine sediments
Loss to deep sediments
Nitrate Bacteria
NITROGEN IN THE AIR
Electrification & Photochemical fix.
Denitrifying Bacteria
Nitrite Bacteria
NITRITES
Aminoacids & organic residues
Aminifying Bacteria
AMMONIA
Gain from volcanic action
Igneous rock
EXCRETION: Urea, etc.
Marine birds & fish A
THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

4. THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
AMINO-ACIDS
PROTOPLASM
AMMONIA
NITRITE
NITRATE
Step providing energy to the decomposer organisms
Step requiring energy from other sources (sunlight or organic matter)
Energy barrier
NITROGEN
GAS B
THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

5. Shallow marine sediments
PROTOPLASM
PLANTS --> ANIMALS
Bacteria
PHOSPHATISING
BACTERIA
PHOSPHATE ROCKS
GUANO DEPOSITS
FOSSIL BONE DEP.
Shallow marine sediments
Loss to deep sediments
VOLCANIC APATITE
DISSOLVED PHOSPHATES
Marine birds & fish
EXCRETION
BONES
TEETH
Erosion
SYNTHESIS
THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

6. THE SULFUR CYCLE rain SO4 O H2S gas H2S Iron Sufide SO2 Sulfur dioxide
Fuel Combust
fertilizer
Plant Uptake
Decay
Organic S R
H2S
Iron Sufide
Aerobic Zone
Sulfur
Phosphorus
release
Leaching
O = Oxidation
R = Reduction
S = sulfur
THE SULFUR CYCLE

7. THE OXYGEN CYCLE Ozone Layer O2-in atmosphere, water
& chemical compounds
Water & CO2
Photosynthesis
by green plants
Respiration
of organism
THE OXYGEN CYCLE

8. NITROGEN CYCLE Gaseous nitrogen in atmosphere Excretion & death
Protein
Fixation by plants
Volcanic rocks
Decomposition
ammonium
nitrite
nitrate
Commercial
fertilizers
& chemicals
Denitrification
by bacteria
Loss to deep sediments
Inorganic nitrogen
in oceans
Update
by plants
NITROGEN CYCLE

9. HYDROSPHERE CARBON CYCLE
Atmosphere
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton fish
Dead organic matter
Coal and Oil
Assimilation
Surface Layers
Ocean
Water & nutrient exchange
Deeper layers
Sediments
HYDROSPHERE CARBON CYCLE

10. sun Stratosphere Increasing CO2 Troposphere Infrared radiation
Carbon dioxide layer, preventing
infrared from escaping
Increasing CO2
Troposphere
Air heated, temp. rises
Infrared radiation
Air heated,
temp. rises
Glass in greenhouse
prevents infrared from escaping
Earth’s heated surface

11. NATURAL
FALL OUT
MAN MADE
RIVER
SEDIMENTS
SEA
GRANITE
(ROCK)
BASALT
MANTLE
(VOLCANIC)
2900 KM

12. TURN OVER RATE (TR)
Jumlah substansi yang dilepas pada jangka waktu tertentu
Misalnya:
1000 unit ada pada komponen
10 lepas per jam
TR = 10
1000
= 0,01/jam
TURN OVER TIME (TT)
waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengganti kuantitas substansi
agar sama dengan jumlah pada komponen
TT =
1000 10
= 100 jam

13. Tabel: ESTIMATE OF THE TURNOVER TIME OF P.
IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS OF THREE LAKES
lake
Area (Km2)
Depth (M)
Turn over time in days
Water sediments
Bluff
Punch Bowl
Crecy
0,4
0,3
2,04 7 6
3,8 5, 7,
17,
(Hutchinson, 1957)

14. (DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON)
soil
wood
litter
leaf
(NORTHERN
CONIFEROUS FOREST)
soil
wood
litter
leaf
(TROPICAL
RAIN FOREST)
(DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON)