1. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
I. Time of Great Changes in Europe
A. Technological Change - The “lateen” sail

2. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
I. Time of Great Change
A. Technological Change - The printing press

3. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
I. Time of Great Change
B. Economic Change
In Middle Ages the economy of Europe was agricultural, so land was the basis of wealth.

4. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
I. Time of Great Change
B. Economic Change
By the Reformation, the economy of Europe was based on trade, so money had become the basis of wealth.

5. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
I. Time of Great Change
C. Political Change
The “nations” of Medieval Europe were divided into small units.
The church was the only institution unified across Europe.

6. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
I. Time of Great Change
C. Political Change
Innocent III
Kings unified nations and provided justice.
Church needed for political legitimacy.

7. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Rediscovery of the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome.

8. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Time of great flowering of art and literature.
The “Last Supper” and “Mona Lisa” by Leonardo da Vinci

9. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Undermining the Church
Popes more interested in works of art than in spiritual ministry.

10. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Undermining the Church
Seeds of Secularism
Humanism
“Madonna, “Pieta,” and “David” by Michelangelo

11. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Undermining the Church
Seeds of Secularism
Individualism
Medieval depiction of the Fall of Adam
“Creation of Adam” from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo

12. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Undermining the Church
Seeds of Secularism
Rationalism
“School of Athens” by Raphael

13. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Foundation for the Reformation
Individualism
Priesthood of all Believers – individuals can go to God directly without a priest.
Sola scriptura –individuals are free to interpret the scripture for themselves.
Sola fides – salvation is a matter of individual faith.

14. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
Time of Great Change
D. Intellectual Change – the Renaissance
Foundation for the Reformation
Original Writings (“Christian humanism”)

15. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Time of Crisis in the Church
A. Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
Edward I of England
Boniface VIII
Philip IV of France

16. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Time of Crisis in the Church
B. Great Schism
Urban VI
Clement VII
Alexander V
Council of Constance

17. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
A. Proto-Protestant Reformers
John Wycliffe

18. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
Proto-Protestant Reformers
John Huss

19. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
B. Catholic Reformers
Conciliarism

20. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
B. Catholic Reformers
Devotio Moderna
Brethren of the Common Life
Thomas á Kempis: The Imitation of Christ

21. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
B. Catholic Reformers
Catherine of Siena

22. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
B. Catholic Reformer
Savonarola

23. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
B. Catholic Reformers
Queen Isabella

24. Topic #1: The Quest for Reform
II. Attempts to Reform the Church
B. Catholic Reformers
Desiderius Erasmus