1. What do you think would happen if the world lost oxygen for 5 seconds?

2. __________________ get energy by consuming other organisms
AUTOTROPHS
_____________ can make their own food using energy from sunlight
HETEROTROPHS
__________________ get energy by consuming other organisms

3. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ?
Movement
Synthesis of biomolecules
Reproduction

4. ATP ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE
is used by cells to store and transport
ENERGY
ATP

5. CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY3
____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP = __________________________

6. ATP can change into ADP Adenosine diphosphate 2 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS

7. ATP releases energy stored
in a high energy
chemical bond by removing the phosphate and
becoming ADP
ATP → ____ + ____ +
ADP

8. Cells ________ energy by adding the
phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP
STORE
The energy to do this comes from
____________ like _____________
FOODS
GLUCOSE
ADP + ___ + ________ → ___
ATP

9. ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY, but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________.
A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy.
Cells only keep enough ATP
around to last a few seconds and
recharge it by burning___________.
NOT
LARGE
LONG TERM
90 times
glucose

10. MONOSACCHARIDES Single sugar molecules
CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)
Example:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

11. CARBOHYDRATES are building blocks for other molecules
ATP
DNA & RNA
POLYSACCHARIDES

12. Molecules made by joining MANY sugar molecules together are called ___________________
POLYSACCHARIDES
EXAMPLES:

13. GLYCOGEN is the way _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later.
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
GLYCOGEN is the way _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later.
ANIMAL

14. store GLUCOSE for later.
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
STARCH is
the way
_______ cells
store GLUCOSE for later.
PLANT

15. Atoms are the basic unit of MATTER:
A NUCLEUS contains
______________
orbit nucleus in ENERGY LEVELS
PROTONS (+)
NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS (-)

16. Atoms differ in numbers of protons, neutrons, & electrons

17. Atoms/ions important for living things
____________
Carbon - C
Oxygen - O
Hydrogen - H
Nitrogen - N
Sulfur - S
Phosphorus - P

18. ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES
Ex:
Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________
WATER
A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule
EX: ________
H2O

19. ________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20
SYNTHESIS
Hydrogen molecule
oxygen molecule
2 water molecules

20. A chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
______________ _______________
Molecules that react Molecules that are
produced →
products
reactants

21. History of Photosynthesis
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?

22. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil
and a small seedling.
Jan van Helmont
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________
__________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________.
seedling had
gained
soil unchanged
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from
the ________… that was the only thing he had added!
WATER

23. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Van Helmont didn’t realize
the major contribution to
the mass of his tree
was something he
couldn’t see…
__________________ from the air.
carbon dioxide
Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________
water
carbon
Carbohydrates

24. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1771- An English minister,
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
If he placed a __________ in the
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
Joseph Priestley
live plant
The plant produced something
“required for burning” that the candle used up
OXYGEN
We now know it was …____________

25. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779-
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ !
Jan Ingenhousz
light

26. EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1961- American chemist __________________
received the Nobel prize for figuring out the chemical _______________
used by plants to make sugar
Melvin Calvin
pathway

27. THE BIG PICTURE → These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
Carbon dioxide
WATER
Sugars
Oxygen
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
6 CO2
6 H2O →
C6H12O6
6 O2
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

28. chlorophyll light energy In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
_________________
and
are needed for photosynthesis to happen
chlorophyll
light energy

29. Photosynthesis consumed
____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
consumed
Product Y
Reaction 1 →
Product → X
Reaction 2 →
A series of reactions linked in this way is
referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway

30. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O
SUGAR + 6O2

31. colors Visible light is made up of many different
_______________of light
Your eyes “see”
different sizes of
waves as different
___________
wavelengths
colors

32. Myth:
Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT

33. We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
REFLECTED

34. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are plant pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and red)
pigments
CHLOROPHYLL
CAROTENOIDS

35. There are two types of chlorophyll
__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
absorbs the
_____ & ________
wavelengths best.
It absorbs very
little ______ light.
red
violet
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
blue

36. There are two types of chlorophyll
__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
absorbs some
______light and
even more
_________ light.
red
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
blue-violet
red

37. NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
GREEN
red

38. That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..
Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb….
it ___________ GREEN light.
REFLECTS

39. GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________
but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______
the other colors and
leaves usually
look green
ALL THE TIME
hides

40. In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter
FALL

41. carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
Then we can see the
carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
HIDDEN

42. SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS
THE BEST
________ and
_______________
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
blue-violet

43. Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light.
ENERGY
ABSORBS

44. ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the
energy is transferred
to electrons in the
chlorophyll molecule
HIGH ENERGY ____________
make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS

45. Photosynthesis occurs in the ________________
CHLOROPLASTS

46. PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
THYLAKOIDS
= sac-like
photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids
membranes
inside chloroplast
GRANUM (pl. grana)

47. SPACES THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA Cytoplasm
Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding
thylakoid sac
Gel-filled space
Inside the
thylakoid
sac
Cytoplasm
Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

48. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Proteins that are part of the thylakoid
membrane organize
________________________________ into clusters called _____________________
Light absorbing PIGMENTS
PHOTOSYSTEMS