1. Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Chapter 2
Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

2. Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Chapter 2
Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Between 2003 and 2013 African universities were changing, as were their needs.
Donors tended to focus on development of knowledge economies and bonds with the future leaders and entrepreneurs of Africa.
While intentions were similar among governmental institutions, development agencies, and international organizations, a distinct lack of coordination was noticeable.
Between 2003 and 2013 African universities were changing, as were their needs.
Donors tended to focus on development of knowledge economies and bonds with the future leaders and entrepreneurs of Africa.
While intentions were similar among governmental institutions, development agencies, and international organizations, a distinct lack of coordination was noticeable.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

3. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
PHEA
In 2000 the Partnership for Higher Education in Africa was launched as a joint effort between the Carnegie, Ford, MacArthur, and Rockefeller foundations Together they contributed almost $440 Million in ten years to build capacity and support special initiatives After 2010 they continued on separately, noting several inefficiencies in their collaboration and coordination efforts
In 2000 the Partnership for Higher Education in Africa was launched as a joint effort between the Carnegie, Ford, MacArthur, and Rockefeller foundations
Together they contributed almost $440 Million in ten years to build capacity and support special initiatives
After 2010 they continued on separately, noting several inefficiencies in their collaboration and coordination efforts
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

4. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
American philanthropies made 13,565 grants to Africa between 2003 and 2013
330 US private foundations made grants totaling $3.9 billion in support of African initiatives
Grants focused on agriculture, health, higher education and research.
Grant Statistics
American philanthropies made 13,565 grants to Africa between 2003 and 2013
330 US private foundations made grants totaling $3.9 billion in support of African initiatives
Grants focused on agriculture, health, higher education and research.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

5. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Influence of Language
Most funding from US foundations went to countries where English is the dominant language. British colonial lines emerge as clear demarcations between Africa’s new knowledge societies
Most funding from US foundations went to countries where English is the dominant language.
British colonial lines emerge as clear demarcations between Africa’s new knowledge societies
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

6. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Influence of Language
South African universities dominate the top of the list, receiving 54% of the total amount of grants US foundations made grants to institutions in current or former Commonwealth countries with rare exceptions.
South African universities dominate the top of the list, receiving 54% of the total amount of grants
US foundations made grants to institutions in current or former Commonwealth countries with rare exceptions.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

7. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Influence of Language
Senegal was the only reasonably represented Francophone country. Mozambique was an exception for Lusophone countries. Egypt was the exception for Arabophone countries.
Senegal was the only reasonably represented Francophone country.
Mozambique was an exception for Lusophone countries.
Egypt was the exception for Arabophone countries.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

8. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Influence of Language
Commonwealth countries received 93.1% of the total dollar amount of U.S. foundation grants and 89.6% of all grants. A similar trend could be seen between 2000 and 2010 with the PHEA.
Commonwealth countries received 93.1% of the total dollar amount of U.S. foundation grants and 89.6% of all grants.
A similar trend could be seen between 2000 and 2010 with the PHEA.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

9. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Map of U.S. Foundation Countries of Focus in Africa for Higher Education Development
Map of U.S. Foundation Countries of Focus in Africa for Higher Education Development
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

10. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
African universities are seen as critical engines for socio-economic development of Africa.
One could then view them as parts of geopolitical strategies of donors.
Hundreds of millions came on from foundations in the form of grants, the World Bank issued a comparable amount in loans, and hundreds of millions have also come in from USAID, the Swedish International Development Agency (SIPA), and the British Council among others.
Map of U.S. Foundation Countries of Focus in Africa for Higher Education Development
African universities are seen as critical engines for socio-economic development of Africa.
One could then view them as parts of geopolitical strategies of donors.
Hundreds of millions came on from foundations in the form of grants, the World Bank issued a comparable amount in loans, and hundreds of millions have also come in from USAID, the Swedish International Development Agency (SIPA), and the British Council among others.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

11. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Being Based in the US
With a few exceptions, most foundations do not keep formal offices in Africa but rather operate through networks of representatives.
The following table shows the largest US grantmakers, half of which are located in New York and California.
They are classed as independent foundations, corporate foundations, community foundations, operating foundations, and public charities.
Being Based in the US
With a few exceptions, most foundations do not keep formal offices in Africa but rather operate through networks of representatives.
The following table shows the largest US grantmakers, half of which are located in New York and California.
They are classed as independent foundations, corporate foundations, community foundations, operating foundations, and public charities.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

12. Top U.S. Grantmakers to African Higher Education Organizations
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Top U.S. Grantmakers to African Higher Education Organizations
Top U.S. Grantmakers to African Higher Education Organizations
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

13. US Private Foundations
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
US Private Foundations
Typically have a single major source of funding, such as a gift from a family or corporation.
The focus is on making grants to other charitable organizations and to individuals, rather than the direct operation of charitable programs.
US Private Foundations
Typically have a single major source of funding, such as a gift from a family or corporation.
The focus is on making grants to other charitable organizations and to individuals, rather than the direct operation of charitable programs.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

14. Corporate Foundations
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Corporate Foundations
Started by a company with a single gift that can become the endowment.
Further contributions come from the company as they desire.
Officers are usually the company owners and key executives.
Corporate Foundations
Started by a company with a single gift that can become the endowment.
Further contributions come from the company as they desire.
Officers are usually the company owners and key executives.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

15. Community Foundations
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Community Foundations
Public charities which issue grants to local charities or charitable community projects.
In general they do not operate their own programs.
Community Foundations
Public charities which issue grants to local charities or charitable community projects.
In general they do not operate their own programs.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

16. Operating Foundations
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Operating Foundations
May make grants, but main focus is on operating programs of their own.
Public Charities
Important in Africa though not necessarily in higher educational institutions.
Operating Foundations
May make grants, but main focus is on operating programs of their own.
Public Charities
Important in Africa though not necessarily in higher educational institutions.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

17. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Areas of Focus
Access – scholarship funds and financial aid
Capacity Building – management development, operating support, endowments, buildings and renovation, technology
Branches of Learning – curriculum development, program evaluation, faculty and staff development, research
Dissemination – conferences, publication, exhibitions, advocacy
Areas of Focus
Access – scholarship funds and financial aid
Capacity Building – management development, operating support, endowments, buildings and renovation, technology
Branches of Learning – curriculum development, program evaluation, faculty and staff development, research
Dissemination – conferences, publication, exhibitions, advocacy
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

18. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Comparison of Foundation Funding to Higher Education in Africa per Category
Fig. 2
Comparison of Foundation Funding to Higher Education in Africa per Category
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

19. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Language Bias
68% of all funding went to three countries (South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria) that are predominantly English-speaking.
The three dominant languages in Africa, English, Arabic and French, correspond to the geopolitical groups of the Commonwealth of Nations, the League of Arab Nations, and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF).
Language Bias
68% of all funding went to three countries (South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria) that are predominantly English-speaking.
The three dominant languages in Africa, English, Arabic and French, correspond to the geopolitical groups of the Commonwealth of Nations, the League of Arab Nations, and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF).
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

20. Comparison of Foundation Funding by Linguistic Group
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Comparison of Foundation Funding by Linguistic Group
Comparison of Foundation Funding by Linguistic Group
Fig. 3
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

21. Grant Allocation by Language Group
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Grant Allocation by Language Group
84%, Commonwealth countries received a vast majority of grants authorized between 2003 and 2013.
There are more Francophone countries than any other language block, both by number of countries and total number of speakers, but only received 13% of grants.
In Arab-speaking countries, Egypt was the only recipient of foundation grants, largely due to the presence of the Ford Foundation.
Grant Allocation by Language Group
84%, Commonwealth countries received a vast majority of grants authorized between 2003 and 2013.
There are more Francophone countries than any other language block, both by number of countries and total number of speakers, but only received 13% of grants.
In Arab-speaking countries, Egypt was the only recipient of foundation grants, largely due to the presence of the Ford Foundation.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

22. Share of Yearly & Foundation Grant Total by Language
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Share of Yearly & Foundation Grant Total by Language
Fig. 4
Share of Yearly & Foundation Grant Total by Language
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

23. Influencing the Entire Educational System
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Influencing the Entire Educational System
When higher education institutions offer instruction in a language, primary, secondary and tertiary schools follow suit.
90% of higher education institutions receiving grants listed English as the primary medium of instruction, as compared to 4% for French and 3% for Arabic.
Influencing the Entire Educational System
When higher education institutions offer instruction in a language, primary, secondary and tertiary schools follow suit.
90% of higher education institutions receiving grants listed English as the primary medium of instruction, as compared to 4% for French and 3% for Arabic.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

24. Socio-Economic Influence
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Socio-Economic Influence
Many of these grants went to programs in agriculture, health and development.
Production of knowledge, skills, and innovations relevant to African contexts made universities “engines of development”.
Socio-Economic Influence
Many of these grants went to programs in agriculture, health and development.
Production of knowledge, skills, and innovations relevant to African contexts made universities “engines of development”.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

25. Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Grants to Institutions with non-English Mediums of Instruction in Africa
Grants to Institutions with non-English Mediums of Instruction in Africa
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

26. Ford Foundation’s Non-English Grants
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Ford Foundation’s Non-English Grants
The Ford Foundation was the top donor for almost every non- English medium of instruction sector.
35% of Ford’s grants went to these universities and research institutions.
Ford Foundation’s Non-English Grants
The Ford Foundation was the top donor for almost every non-English medium of instruction sector.
35% of Ford’s grants went to these universities and research institutions.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

27. Barriers to Foundations
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Barriers to Foundations
At times inhospitable national contexts make it undesirable for grantees to want to invest.
This is made worse when there is a language barrier with the prospective grantee, which alone discourages engagement with some of the institutions that would benefit the most.
Tendency was to stick with English higher education institutions they’d dealt with previously.
Barriers to Foundations
At times inhospitable national contexts make it undesirable for grantees to want to invest.
This is made worse when there is a language barrier with the prospective grantee, which alone discourages engagement with some of the institutions that would benefit the most.
Tendency was to stick with English higher education institutions they’d dealt with previously.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont

28. Results of Biased Funding
Chapter 2 - Educational Philanthropists and Higher Education Developers
Results of Biased Funding
Universities in Francophone, Lusophone, and Arabophone countries appear to be less equipped to receive grants from U.S. foundations.
U.S. foundations in Africa reinforced the dominance of English as the lingua franca of the continent’s development.
Results of Biased Funding
Universities in Francophone, Lusophone, and Arabophone countries appear to be less equipped to receive grants from U.S. foundations.
U.S. foundations in Africa reinforced the dominance of English as the lingua franca of the continent’s development.
Based on Unequal Partners: American Foundations and Higher Education Development in Africa by Dr. Fabrice Jaumont