1. Fungicides and IPM Program Updates
Marion Murray, Utah State University

2. Goal of the Day
3 – 2 Rule
No more than 3 applications from the same fungicide group
No more than 2 consecutive applications from the same fungicide class

3. Fungicides… About 40 different classes (FRAC)
Classes are based on target site and biochemical mode of action
multi-site – PREVENTIVE only
site-specific – PREVENTIVE and CURATIVE
was trying to find a simple way to divide fungicides into groups, but no clear way, except by how the fungicide targets the fungus; multiple ways versus single
FRAC is a Specialist Technical Group of CropLife International (CLI; (Formerly Global Crop Protection Federation, GCPF). As such we work within the legal frame work defined by CLI and take care to ensure that strict anti-trust guidelines are observed.
The purpose of FRAC is to provide fungicide resistance management guidelines to prolong the effectiveness of "at risk" fungicides and to limit crop losses should resistance occur.
The main aims of FRAC are to:
Identify existing and potential resistance problems.
Collate information and distribute it to those involved with fungicide research, distribution, registration and use.
Provide guidelines and advice on the use of fungicides to reduce the risk of resistance developing, and to manage it should it occur

4. Preventive vs Curative
suppress growth of pathogen before it infects and colonizes a plant
applied as a preventive
examples: Bravo, Ziram
Curative:
can suppress growth of pathogen after it infects and colonizes a plant
can penetrate plant tissue
examples: strobilurins and some sterol inhibitors
all curatives are systemics, but not all systemics are curative.

5. Multi-site (Preventive) Fungicides
Copper
Chlorothalonil
chlorothalonil and sulfur works on cell wall, ribosomes
copper on cell wall, ribosomes, mitochondria
oil: cell walls, mitochondria
Result is inihibition of several processes in the cell including enzyme function, amino acid synthesis, cellular metabolism, respiration, etc.
Oil
Sulfur

6. Multi-site (Preventive) Fungicides
Group “M” fungicides
Risk of resistance is LOW
Provide a chemical barrier to the fungus; uniform coverage essential
Short protection interval; may wash off
Most are protectant fungicides only and non-systemic
chlorothalonil
copper
captan
ziram/thiram

7. Multi-site (Systemic) Fungicide
Group “M33” fungicides are phosphonates, and are systemic, moving through entire plant from leaves to roots
good protectant against phytophthora crown rot
mode of action is unknown
Aliette
Agri-fos, Phostrol, Fosphite
a single group that is systemic

8. Multi-site (Preventive) Fungicides
Apple PM
Cherry PM
Peach PM
Shothole
Bravo
high
captan
moderate
copper
sulfur
none
ziram

9. Single-site Fungicides
Affect one specific metabolic process, so potential for resistance is HIGH:
amino acid and protein synthesis
sterol biosynthesis
respiration
nuclear division
Most are penetrants and thus can be curative
Longer application intervals
Less prone to washing off
also more expensive than the broad spectrum fungicides
Many different classification groups

10. Groups of Single-Site Fungicides
Class
Example Names
Mobility 1
benzimidazoles (MBC)
Topsin
xylem mobile 3
demethylation inhibitor (DMI); AKA: sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI, or SI)
Rubigan, Indar, Rally, Orbit, Procure, Inspire, Quash 7
SDHI (Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors)
Fontelis
locally systemic 9
anilinopyrimidine
Scala, Vangard 11
quinone outside inhibitors (QOI), strobilurins
Sovran, Abound, Gem, Flint, Cabrio
locally systemic/ translaminar 13
quinoline
Quintec
contact
not talking about post-harvest fungicides
important to know which group your fungicide is in so that we can avoid resistance; groups developed by FRAC
group 3 been around a while, but “2nd generation” products coming along.
some groups are newer, and have fewer options, some are mixes.

11. Group 1 Examples of efficacy Apple PM Cherry Peach Brown Rot Topsin
moderate
high
excellent
rovral is for blossom application only; none probably use this product here

12. Group 3 (Sterol Inhibitors)
DMI’s or sterol-biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI)
Apple PM
Cherry PM
Peach PM
Brown Rot
Indar
excellent
high
Inspire Super (3+9)
Orbit/Tilt
Procure
high (cherry)
Quash
Rally
Rubigan
italicized are newer ones
from UC Davis spray trials

13. Group 3 (Sterol Inhibitors)
Affect a narrow site of action (enzyme production) so possibility for resistance is HIGH Have curative effects To prevent resistance, should be used preventively, not curatively, and alternate with other groups
scab and rust, but we don’t have
to avoid or delay developmentn of tolerant strains of pathogens, use preventively, and alternate

14. Groups 7-13: Examples of Efficacy
Apple PM
Cherry
Peach
Brown
Rot
Shothole
Fontelis 7
high
excellent
Scala 9
low
Vangard
Abound 11
moderate
Flint
Gem
Sovran
Quintec 13
flint and sovran are protectants, apply pre-infection
But it is important because the best ones are all in group 3
strobilurins plus others
9 is anilinopyrimidine, 3 is Sis, 7 is oxathriin
Quintec is contact, but it forms a protected barrier on all surfaces and lasts 12 days; good efficacy;

15. Group 11 (Strobilurins) Block electron transport through mitochondria
Synthesized version of antifungal substance produced by Strobilurus tenacellus
Designated as “reduced risk” by EPA
Valuable fungicides because they work against various groups of fungi
ascomycetes (powdery mildew), basidiomycetes (rusts), oomycetes (pythium)
basically, fungi can no longer “breathe” or produce energy and shut down
Synthesized version of antifungal substance produced by fungus Strobilurus tenacellus that in nature, feeds on organic matter
registered for many different plants pythium in veggies

16. Group 11 (Strobilurins)
Offer some curative action, but must be re-applied to new foliage as preventive
kills germinating spores
Long residual
Resistance can occur; rotate with other classes
Good mobility within plant tissues
like SI’s, this is a narrow site of action, so resistance risk is high
but is not known in powdery mildew in Utah; apple scab resistance all over

17. Group 11 (Strobilurins) Distribution of azoxystrobin in a grape leaf
translaminar activity, providing control on both leaf surfaces

18. Pre-Mixes Pros Cons convenient
Group
Apple PM
Cherry
Peach
Brown
Rot
Shothole
Adament
3+11
high
excellent
Quilt Xcel
unknown
Pristine
7+11
Pros
convenient
mix improves control and aids in managing resistant populations
Cons
more expensive
most pre-mixes are used for multiple diseases

19. Organic/Biofungicides
Bicarbonates (Kaligreen): poor to moderate control of powdery mildew
Horticultural oil: good control of powdery mildew
Copper
Sulfur for powdery mildew
not rain-fast; must be applied before infection every 5 days

20. Biofungicides Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis)
powdery mildew (suppression), shothole (suppression)
Sonata (Bacillus pumilis strain QST 2808)
powdery mildew
Prestop (Gliocladium catenulatum)
parasitizes plant pathogen cells and colonizes plant roots and foliage to crowd out pathogen establishment
brown rot; suppresses powdery mildew
Double Nickle 55 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747)
regalia: Made from a natural plant extract, Regalia triggers the natural defense system of plants; IR-4 research use of Regalia in rotation with synthetic fungicides may lower reliance on synthetic materials for disease control while maintaining effective disease
management.

21. IPM Updates

22. Average Weekly Trap Catch 2015
Monitoring Summary
68 traps in 8 Utah County locations
Peach twig borer (103)
Greater peachtree borer (104)
Codling moth
Average Weekly Trap Catch 2015

23. Monitoring Summary Codling moth numbers increasing over prior years:
total of 638

24. Monitoring Summary Other Pheromone Traps Apple clearwing
Eye-spotted Budmoth
Lesser peachtree borer
Oriental Fruit Moth
Apple clearwing was detected for the first time in North America in apple orchards of British Columbia, Canada, in Then it was subsequently found in Washington State in 2007
Trees of the Rosaceae family including a range of horticultural and ornamental trees. Apple is the primary host. Other less frequently infested hosts include apricots, cherries, crabapples, hawthorn, mountain ash, peaches, pears, plums and quince.
Moth flight occurs from June to August.
Eye-spotted budmoth introduced from Europe before 1840, is now common throughout the northern United States and southern Canada. It is most common in abandoned orchards or native vegetation and is rare in commercial orchards.
Larval feeding on fruit is most important. Feeding on fruit by mature larvae just after bloom results in damage similar to that caused by early season leafroller feeding.
Seldom reported as a pest b/c easily controlled

25. Monitoring Summary Pests to watch for: San Jose scale
Woolly apple aphid: earliest appearance in mid April

26. climate.usu.edu/alerts
I will send to everyone reminding you of the address and login

27. climate.usu.edu/alerts

28. Utah TRAPs App: iTunes Google Play Web app:
internet connection required
Updates to come:
refresh icon
additional pest models
pest management notifications

29. Select stations Add favorite Set default Daily Summary
Temperature
Dew Point
Wind Speed
Precipitation
Select stations Add favorite
Set default
Daily Summary
help icons
click on pest summary icon at bottom

30. Past and future degree days and alerts
Pest development summaries with past, current, and future management actions
Past and future degree days and alerts
Fire blight risk levels, two days into future
list of pests to choose info from

31. intermountainfruit.org

36. Fruit PestFinder App:
iTunes
Google Play

38. Puffers for Peach Twig Borer
Evaluation of new product, Suterra LLC Checkmate Puffer PTB

39. Shoot Strike and Fruit Injury Average Shoot Strikes/Tree
Checkmate Puffers Insecticide
Percent Fruit Injury
Average Shoot Strikes/Tree

40. 2017

41. Marion Murray
Utah State University, Logan

43. Fungi…
also, they are very efficient at breaking down living and dead tissue and absorbing their nutrients
lack chlorophyll and obtain their food by living on other living or dead organisms
reproduce by spores
spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, soil, machinery and contaminated seed

44. Multi-site - Copper fungicides
Fire blight, bacterial canker of cherries, peach leaf curl, summer diseases in organic apple production
Fixed coppers have low solubility in water:
Basic copper sulfate (Cuprofix Ultra Disperss)
Copper oxide (Nordox)
Copper hydroxide (Kocide, Champ)
Copper oxychloride sulfate (COCS)
Copper linked to fatty acids (Cueva)
Copper ions mixed with water are toxic to all fungi, bacteria, and plant tissues;
copper is now “fixed” so that it is more insoluble in water and less toxic to plants
Fixed coppers (tribasic copper sulfate, copper hydroxide): shorter residual

45. Monitoring Summary Codling moth numbers increasing over prior years:
total of 638