2. The Protestant Reformation
Section 3
The Protestant Reformation

3. The Protestant Reformation
The Big Idea
Efforts to reform the Roman Catholic Church led to changes in society and the creation of new churches.

4. Selling of indulgences England’s break with the Catholic Church
I can list and explain the internal problems which weakened the Catholic Church including:
Tax policies
Selling of indulgences
England’s break with the Catholic Church
I can explain the reasons for the growing unhappiness with the Catholic Church and the main ideas of the following men;
John Calvin – predestination
Desiderius Erasmus – Free Will
William Tyndale – translating the Bible into English

5. Main Idea 1: Reformers called for change in the Catholic Church, but some broke away to form new churches.
By the late Renaissance, people had begun to complain about problems in the Catholic Church.
They called on its leaders to end corruption and focus on religion.
Their calls led to a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church called the Reformation.

6. Unpopular Church Practices
People felt that the clergy and the pope had become too political.
The way the church raised money was also considered unfair. The sale of indulgences was unpopular.
An indulgence was a document given by the pope that excused a person from penalties for sins he or she had committed.
The idea that the church was letting people buy their way into heaven made Christians angry.
These unpopular practices weakened the church, and people began calling for reform.

7. Tax policies: the Catholic Church collected taxes from subjects and sent a large portion of those revenues to the Pope in Italy. Churches did not pay taxes to the nation that the church was in, frustrating monarchs.
Henry VIII wanted to leave his marriage. The pope refused Henry’s request, so he left the Catholic Church and created his own church.
The Church of England, or Anglican Church, was much like the Catholic Church, but it opened the door for other churches to form.

8. Martin Luther
Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints to the door of a church in Wittenberg This list was called the Ninety-five Theses.
The printing press allowed this list to be spread to neighboring states.
Luther thought that anyone could have a direct relationship with God.
He did not believe that priests had to speak to God for the people.
Beliefs should be based on the Bible, not interpreted by priests or the pope.
Luther translated the Bible into German so that Europeans could read it for the first time.

9. John Calvin
John Calvin believed that God knew who would be saved even before they were born. This is called predestination. Nothing that people did during their lives would change God’s plan, but it was important to live a good life and obey God’s laws.

10. Erasmus was a scholar from Rotterdam.
Desiderius Erasmus
Erasmus was a scholar from Rotterdam.
In the late 1490s, he served as a secretary to the bishop of Chambray While employed by the bishop he traveled to Paris, France where he first learned of Renaissance humanism.
In the early 1500s he wrote In Praise of Folly, a book in which he wrote of the various abuses of the Catholic Church.
Erasmus supported Protestant ideals but did not favor Martin Luther’s extreme turning away from the established church.
He is most noted for his belief in Free Will which is the belief
that man chooses how to live and whether or not to
accept Christ.

11. William Tyndale William Tyndale could read and write in 8 languages.
He didn’t think it made sense to have church services in Latin when few people could understand the language.
The Catholic Church had decreed that the official language of the Church was Latin and forbade any translations of the Bible into any other languages.
He translated the Bible into English and was declared a heretic and hunted down.
He was ultimately betrayed and captured the Catholic authorities had him executed by strangulation and burning at the stake.
The video is 9.21 long and is taken from the movie “God’s Outlaw” it is a dramatic representation of William Tyndale’s situation. It will give the teacher good background.

12. Main Idea 2: The Catholic Reformation was an attempt to reform the church from within.
Protestantism spread in the later 1500s and 1600s. Catholic leaders responded to stop this spread.
The effort to reform the Catholic Church from within is called the Catholic Reformation, or Counter-Reformation.

13. The Growth of Roman Catholic Spain
In 1492 the king and queen defeated the last Muslim forces in Spain.
Muslims and Jews who remained in Spain were forced to convert to Catholicism.
The Spanish Inquisition was organized to seek out and punish Muslims and Jews who had converted but secretly kept their old beliefs.
The Catholic Church was ruthless in carrying out the Inquisition and later sought out Protestants.
The Catholics had very little opposition left in Spain.
This is the seal for the Tribunal in Spain – this is the group who endeavored to make sure that all Muslims and Jews who had converted to Catholicism were sincere – This group was under the control of the monarchy and not the Pope.

14. New Religious Orders
In some parts of Europe, Catholic leaders responded to Protestant criticism by forming new religious orders, or communities.
The first new order in Spain was created by Ignatius of Loyola.
The order was called the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.
The Jesuits were a religious order created to serve the pope and the church.
Jesuits were trained to be as disciplined as soldiers in their religious duties.
By teaching people about Catholic ideas, Jesuits hoped to turn people against Protestantism.

15. Jesuits
The Jesuits are noted for their educational, missionary, and charitable works.
From the beginning education has been a goal of the Jesuits.
Pope Francis is a Jesuit.

16. The Council of Trent
Catholic leaders met together to discuss more ways to reform the Catholic Church. This meeting was known as the Council of Trent.

17. The Council of Trent
The council restated the importance of the clergy in interpreting the Bible This was in reference to Luther’s belief in justification by faith alone. ( That men did not need a priest to give salvation.)
The council ordered the bishops to live in the areas where their churches were located.
The council officially rejected the ideas of the Protestant leaders.
The pope created religious courts to punish Protestants found in Italy This group was responsible for the trial of Galileo Galilei which forced him (under the threat of torture)to recant his findings on the nature of the solar system. Galileo died after being held in house arrest for 27 years

18. Catholic Missionaries
Missionaries were people whose goal was to take Catholic teachings around the world.
Many of the new Catholic missionaries were Jesuits. These priests went to Africa, Asia, and America.
One of the most important missionaries was a Jesuit named Francis Xavier, who took Catholicism to India and Japan.
Missionaries baptized millions of people, and through their work the effects of the Catholic Reformation reached far beyond Europe.

19. Main Idea 3: The political impact of the Reformation included religious wars and social change.
I can locate and identify the European regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant

20. Prior to 1520 virtually all of Europe was Roman Catholic.
By 1560 a religious map of Europe was very different.
In Spain nearly everyone was still Catholic.
In northern countries people were mostly Protestant.
The Holy Roman Empire was a patchwork of different kingdoms, some Protestant and some Catholic.
These divisions led to political conflicts.

22. Religious Wars in France
Protestants in France were called Huguenots.
The Huguenots and the Catholics began a war when the Catholic king banned all Protestant religions.
Violence began in 1562 and did not end until 1598.
Massacre de Vassy in 1562,

23. Fighting was ended by the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious freedom to the Protestants in France, except in Paris and a few other cities.
Edict of Nantes

24. Religious Wars in the Holy Roman Empire
King of Bohemia forced everyone in the kingdom to become Catholic. (This was a problem because the majority of the population were Calvinists.)
Protestants rose up in revolt in (They threw some of the new king’s advisors out of the window of a church.)
This led to the Thirty Years’ War.
The war grew, and both sides called on other countries to come to their aid.

26. Religious Wars in the Holy Roman Empire
After 30 years of fighting, an agreement was reached—The Treaty of Westphalia.
It allowed rulers to decide whether their countries would be Catholic or Protestant.
The states of Germany became independent with no single rule, independent of the Holy Roman Empire.

27. Social Changes
Through the Protestant Church, people began to make decisions about their churches. Now that they had that power, they also wanted political power.
Local towns began to govern themselves, and the national government had to share power.
The sharing of power between local governments and a strong central government is called federalism.
On an individual level, people began to think more for themselves and to investigate on their own.