1. Exam 1 will be Friday 9/23/2016
Chapter 2 Review

2. Aims and Objectives vary with these sometimes very different organizations.
Private Sectors – privately owned businesses and their main concern is with generating a profit to pay dividends to owners and shareholders.
Public Sectors – government funded organizations that provide a service to both the local and visiting populations.
Voluntary Sectors – these are mainly charitable ventures that rely on donations. Support activities that increase the profile of the local destination. Constantly seeking additional support to fund various activities.

3. Triangular Relationship
Tourism Development Issues involve a TRIANGULAR RELATIONSHIP between the following interest groups:
The Host Population – the local people living in the destination
The Agents of Tourism Development – the various public, private and voluntary organizations that are present in the destination
The Tourists – who come to visit the destination

4. Sustainable Tourism
Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.

5. Understanding the principals of sustainable destination management
It is about managing the visitor impact on a local destination’s economy, social fabric and physical environment in a way which benefits everybody, residents, businesses, landowners and visitors alike, both now and in the future.

6. Related aspects of Govmt Interest
Economic – Tourism can boost employment creation, both indirect and direct.
Political – The fact that tourism can help to enhance
Socio-cultural – Tourism can help to promote understanding between the cultures of visiting tourists and the local population.
Environmental – Tourism can help with the regeneration and conservation of the built and natural environment.

7. Related Aspects Govmt Interest (continued) pg. 39

8. To achieve sustainable tourism a series of….
Economic Goals
Environmental Goals
Political Goals….
Must be formed and typically go hand-in-hand with various socio-cultural reasons as well.

9. Responsible Tourism
Responsible tourism is an approach to the management of tourism, aimed at maximizing economic, social and environmental benefits and minimizing costs to destinations. Simply put, Responsible tourism is tourism 'that creates better places for people to live in, and better places to visit'.

10. THE VICE MODEL pg. 43

11. The Multiplier Effect chart on page (pg. 45)
Tourism Multiplier Effect. Tourism not only creates jobs in the tertiary sector, it also encourages growth in the primary and secondary sectors of industry. This is known as the multiplier effect which in its simplest form is how many times money spent by a tourist circulates through a country's economy.

12. Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism
Generation of Foreign Exchange Earnings
Tourism can generate jobs directly through hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, taxis, and souvenir sales for example.
Tourism can also indirectly generate jobs through the supply of goods and services needed by tourism-related businesses.
Money is earned from tourism through informal employment (street vendors, informal guides)
Positive side of employment is money is returned to local economy, and has a greater multiplier effect as it is spent over and over again.

13. Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism
Tourism development can cost the government and local taxpayers a great deal of money.
Local population can suffer as increasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price rises and lead to inflation.
Tourism development can increase the price of buildings and land
Remote areas can suffer from out-migration and lack of investment
If destination has a narrow economic base it stands the risk of going into serious decline.

14. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
FOUR important factors (pg. 49)
The types and numbers of tourists
The relative economic importance of tourism industry
The size and stage of development of the tourism industry
The pace of tourism development

15. Positive Socio-Cultural Impacts a few listed from the book pg. 50
Preservations of customs and crafts
Provision of community facilities and public services
Aiding of international understanding
Encouraging travel, mobility and social integration

16. Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts a few listed from the book (pg. 51)
Conflicts with the host community
Crime
Loss of cultural identity (Commodification
The Demonstration Effect
Changes to family structure
Social problems, such as begging and prostitution

17. Slum Tourism
Slum tourism, or ghetto tourism, is a type of tourism that involves visiting impoverished areas. Originally focused on the slums of London and Manhattan in the 19th century, slum tourism is now becoming increasingly prominent in many places, including South Africa, India, Brazil, Kenya, Indonesia, Detroit, and others.

18. Globalization
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology

19. Commodification
Commodification is the transformation of goods, services, ideas and not least people into commodities or objects of trade. A commodity at its most basic, according to Arjun Appadurai, is "any thing intended for exchange," or any object of economic value.
WHY IT MATTERS:
Commodification makes an asset easier to trade makes the market more liquid. In some cases, this can add volatility to the price of the commoditized entity, but in other cases it can spur economic activity.

20. Negative Enviornmental Impacts of Tourism
Traffic Congestion
Erosion of natural resources
Pollution of Air and Water
Litter
Increase in Noise Levels
Panoramic view damage
Destruction of natural wildlife systems and breeding patterns
Soil erosion
Increased pollution
Discharges into the sea
Natural habitat loss
Increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires

21. Changes in the Evolution of Destinations
Exploration Stage
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline versus rejuvenation