2. My
Just
Educated
Nine
Very
Showed
Mother us
planets
Mercury
Jupiter
Earth
Neptune
Venus
Saturn
Mars
uranus
pluto

8. Newton 1686

9. Distance Velocity (km/s)
Mercury AU
Pluto AU

12. 1962
Distance from center
Velocity difference
from the sun (km/s)

20. Rubin and Ford 1970

21. Roberts and Whitehurst 1975

29. Bosma Thesis 1978
21-cm

30. 1979

32. DARK MATTER DOES IT EXIST? YES (Newtonian gravitational theory)
rotation curves of galaxies
galaxy motions in clusters of galaxies
gravitational lensing
WHERE IS IT?
HOW MUCH IS THERE?
WHAT IS IT?
DOES IT EXIST? NO (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics, MOND)

35. Matter in the Universe 14% baryonic dark matter
3% baryonic visible matter
All
matter in
the
universe
30%
Dark
Energy
70%
83% non-baryonic
dark matter
(cosmological
constant)
Matter in the Universe

37. MILKY WAY GALAXY
AS SEEN BY COBE

38. Sorry, Dr. Rubin’s image not available
Helmi and White 2001,
Sorry, Dr. Rubin’s image not available

39. This is a NASA image, Dr. Rubin’s image was not available
Sagittarius Stream “as seen from space”
This is a NASA image, Dr. Rubin’s image was not available