1. ECONOMIC CHANGE Population growth (labor, consumers)
Expansion of Transportation (effect)
Growth of Industry (new inventions, manufacturing, factory system)
Growth of Corporations (investment)
Changes in farming (effects)

2. Fast Pace of Change Leads To Concerns About Society
Search for more meaning in life
Reaction against the Enlightenment (scientific rationalism) of the 1820’s & 1830’s
Industrial process creates reaction against “mechanical” work/society

3. Second Great Awakening Leads to Reform Movements
“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum & Penal Reform
Women’s Rights

4. children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
Horace Mann ( )
“Father of
American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher- training programs
R3-6

5. Religious Training  Secular Education
1. Educational Reform
Religious Training  Secular Education
MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

6. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
R3-8

7. Supporters Politicians – want a intelligent electorate
Workers – better life for their children
Employers – want competent workers
School = Americanize immigrants
assimilation
Schools would promote moral/ethical behavior

8. Effects Public schools become more prominent in rural and urban areas
Schools financed by taxes
Improved education
Secondary education becomes more important as well
South struggles to keep up with north

9. Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary
curriculum: math, physics, history, geography.
train female teachers
Emma Willard ( )
1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.
Mary Lyons ( )

10. 2. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix
( )
1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY
R1-5/7

11. Dorothea Dix Asylum

12. Poor Treatment of the Mentally Disturbed and Prisoners
Mentally ill people were imprisoned without treatment
Prisoners badly mistreated
No attempt was made to rehabilitate people
Dix-a school teacher in Boston, visited a MA jail, found that people whom were deemed sane or insane should not be placed in the same crowded jails, that mental health reforms should be made. 12

13. 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
3. Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
R1-6

14. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

15. From the first glass to the grave, 1846
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846

16. Temperance Movement
Early 1800’s Americans consumed more alcoholic beverages than any other time in our history
Reformers valued
self-control
self-discipline
believed the consumption of alcohol led to people losing control
Women reformers felt
alcohol was a threat to family life
Alcohol led to men abusing wives and children 16

17. Actions
Between 1815 and 1840 thousands of local temperance societies were formed-1826 Boston, abstinence was encouraged, alcohol free hotels, boats, moral, social and health reform
1842- a lawyer named Abraham Lincoln was a supporter of the Temperance Movement
1851- Maine bans the manufacturing and sale of alcohol, brewers, distillers and consumers had huge protest, the movement dropped the alcohol consumption dramatically during

18. - Employers urged workers to take an oath never to drink alcohol
Abstinence
Reformers pledged never to drink and established alcohol-free hotels and passenger boats
- Employers urged workers to take an oath never to drink alcohol 18

19. 4. Women’s Rights

20. Traditional Gender Role
Cult of domesticity – women were to work in the home and take care of the children
Double standards of morals
Women received less education
Women were denied the right to vote
Women had few legal rights

21. “Separate Spheres” Concept
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside).
Republican Motherhood
Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.
An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

22. Early 19c Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.
Single  could own her own property.
Married  no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

23. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Lucy Stone
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
American Women’s Suffrage Assoc.
edited Woman’s Journal
Southern Abolitionists
R2-9

24. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
R2-6/7
Women’s Rights
1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
London  World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

25. Seneca Falls Convention
Issue a “Women’s Declaration of Sentiments” which listed women’s grievances
Susan B. Anthony becomes and outspoken leader
Later she beings to focus on the right to vote

26. Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
Rewrote the Declaration of Independence to include women

27. Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

28. Abolition
“Slavery is like holding a wolf by the ears. You don’t like it, but you don’t dare let it go.”
Thomas Jefferson

29. Southern Slaveholders
80% of Southerners owned no slaves
19% owned a small number
Less than 1% owned over a hundred
WHY defend slavery if most own no slaves???

30. Early Anti-Slavery Sentiment
Quaker Opposition: early moral objection
Revolutionary War: Conflicts with liberty, Enlightenment ideals
Free market ideals (A. Smith): slave labor hinders the free market
Constitutional Convention: no discussion of slavery (“domestic institution”); Slave Trade Compromise

31. 5. Abolitionist Movement
1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.
British Colonization Society symbol

32. Abolitionist Movement
Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa.
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
Gradualists
Immediatists

33. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Slavery & Masonry undermined republican values.
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.
Wrote and published “The Liberator” from
R2-4

34. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

35. Other White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party.
Ran for President in & 1844.
Arthur Tappan

36. Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830)
1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

37. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star”
R2-12

38. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
R2-10

39. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) “Moses” Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
“Moses”

40. Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

41. The Underground Railroad

42. The Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

43. Harriet Beecher Stowe

44. Response to Abolitionism
SOUTH: Abolitionists arrested and jailed
Abolitionist writings were banned; destroyed and burned (fear it would incite slave rebellion)
NORTH: most objected to ideas of total emancipation and equality (a threat to jobs/economy)
Destroyed abolitionist literature & property

45. Anti-Slavery v. Abolitionism
Anti-slavery forces wanted to restrict the spread of slavery; not allow it in Western territories
No interference with slavery where it existed
Politics: Free-Soil Party, Whig Party, Republican Party
Focus was on rights of whites (“free labor, free soil, free men”) more than on blacks
ABOLITIONISTS: a loud voice by a small group

46. Questions
Which group faced greater obstacles to advancement and reform: women or slaves?
What is the common thread which connects the 2nd Great Awakening, Utopias, Transcendentalism and the reform movements? Explain the connection.