1. Sino-American Relations 1912-1949: Revolution and war
Republic of China
Modernization
Treaty Revision
United States
Increasing involvement in China and international affairs
“Open Door” Policy, maintain territorial integrity of China

2. Competing Interests in East Asia
China:
Respect for territorial integrity, treaty revision, internal stability
United States:
Support Chinese territorial integrity, primary interest economic, use diplomacy
Japan:
Expand political and economic interest, Japanese sphere of influence in East Asia, willing to use force

3. Paradox of U. s. Policy toward China
Open Door Policy
Defend Territorial Integrity of China
Boxer Indemnity Scholarships
Limited American Patronage for Chinese Governments
First Treaty Granting Tariff Autonomy
Use Diplomacy to Counter Japanese Imperialism
Restrict Chinese Immigration
Military Intervention in Boxer Uprising
Inconsistent Support for Chinese Nationalism
Economic Self-interest

4. American Diplomacy in Asia
Roosevelt
Realist, power politics, appease Japan
Taft
Dollar Diplomacy, Wall Street, challenge Japanese economic interests
Wilson
“Moral high ground,” support Chinese modernization
Harding-Coolidge
International cooperation, avoid use of force
Hoover
“non-recognition” of Manchukuo

5. Sino-Japanese Relations, WWI
21 Demands 1915
Designed to make China Japanese Dependency
Transfer of German rights in Shandong
Additional RR and mining rights in Mongolia and Manchuria
Chinese promise no additional concessions in coastal areas
Political, military, and economic advisors and joint police
Purchase of Japanese weapons

6. World War I: Tensions and cooperation
U.S. Japanese Tensions
Japanese Twenty-one Demands
Occupy German Concession in Shandong
US-Japanese Relations Lansing-Ishii Agreement 1917
Recognize Japan’s special interest in China
Open Door
Respect China’s “territorial integrity”
Joint US-Japan Siberian Intervention 1917

7. Versailles Peace Treaty 1919 Japanese Interests
German Islands in Pacific
Shandong concessions
Wilson opposed
Racial equality clause
Wilson opposed (California Vote)
Chinese Delegation Walked Out

8. Washington Conference 1921-1922
Four Power Treaty 1921
US, Britain, Japan, France respect status quo in Asia, no expansion
Replace Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Limit arms and fortifications
Five Power Treaty
US, Britain, Japan, France, Italy
Naval Disarmament
Nine Power Treaty
US, Britain, Japan, France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, and China
Open Door Policy
Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity

9. Shidehara Diplomacy: Shidehara Kijuro (1872-1951)
Ambassador to US ( )
Foreign Minister ( , )
Economic and Diplomatic Tactics
International Cooperation
Support for Disarmament

10. Manchurian Incident September 18, 1931
Matsuoka Yosuke ( )
Led Japanese Walkout of League of Nations:
"Would the American people agree to such control of the
Panama Canal Zone; would the British permit it over Egypt? ”

11. Full Scale Invasion of China
Japanese Invasion 7/7/37 (七七事變)
Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變)
“Rape of Nanjing” December 1937
“Puppet Regime 1940 Wang Jingwei (汪精衛)
Three Alls” 1942 (三光政策) Kill, Burn, Loot

12. Chinese Troops on Marco Polo Bridge

13. Mass Grave Rape of Nanjing

14. Execution of POWs

15. Chinese Prisoners Buried Alive

16. U.S.S. Panay, 1937 Before

17. U.S.S. Panay After

18. GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE, NOVEMBER
Japanese led bloc of Asian nations
“Economically self-sufficient sphere of coexistence and co-prosperity” 1938
Wang Jingwei negotiations 1938
Leader of puppet regime, 1940

19. Path to War with US US “non-recognition” of Manchukuo 1932
Roosevelt “Quarantine the Aggressors'' Speech, October, 1937
Panay Incident December 1937
US Abrogate Trade Pact 1940
Tripartite Pact, 9/27/1940

20. President Roosevelt Quarantine Speech

21. Path to War with US US economic sanctions 1940,
Occupation of Indo-China July 1941
US Embargo aviation fuel and scrap metal
US freezes Japanese assets
Prince Konoe proposed meeting with Roosevelt September, 1941
General Tojo Hideki PM October 1941, “last chance for peace”

22. U.S.S. Arizona Pearl Harbor