1. LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES
Chapter 3
Empire: The Power and Glory of Rome
Circa 500 B.C.E C.E.

2. The Roman Rise to Empire (1)
Rome’s Early History
Rome, central Italy settled by Iron Age tribe: the Latins
Rest of Italy settled by Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians
Latins absorbed culture of other peoples
Etruscans: urban planning; the arch; sarcophagi art
Greeks: gods and goddesses; Classical style
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3. The Roman Rise to Empire (2)
The Roman Republic (509–133 B.C.E.)
509 B.C.E., Latins overthrew Etruscan rule
Res publica
Popular Assembly
Made up of plebeians; power vested in two elected magistrates
Senate
Made up of the wealthy patricians; controlled lawmaking
Plebeians increased their political influence
Given privilege of making laws, 287 B.C.E.
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4. The Roman Rise to Empire (3)
Rome adopted expansionist course
United all of Italy by force or negotiation
Punic Wars ended with destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C.E.
Mare nostrum
By end of first century B.C.E., Roman Empire included much of present-day Europe, North Africa, and southwest Asia
Efficient administrators
Disciplined army was backbone of the Empire
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5. The Roman Rise to Empire (4)
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6. The Roman Rise to Empire (5)
The Collapse of the Republic (133–30 B.C.E)
Roman imperialism changed the Republic
Rich grew richer, poor poorer
Senate, army grew more powerful
Latifundia worked by slaves increased agricultural productivity and drove small farmers out of business
Reform measures failed; first century B.C.E., age of military dictators
46 B.C.E., Gaius Julius Caesar entered Rome and established dictatorship
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7. The Roman Rise to Empire (6)
Julius Caesar
Conquered Gaul; successful campaigns in Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt
Cleopatra
Populist reforms restabilized Rome
Julius Caesar assassinated by senatorial opponents led by Brutus in 44 B.C.E.
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8. The Roman Rise to Empire (7)
The Roman Empire: Pax Romana (30 B.C.E.–180 C.E.)
Power struggle between Caesar’s Mark Anthony and Octavian
Octavian victorious at Actium in 31 B.C.E.
Octavian given title of Augustus
Military dictatorship
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9. The Roman Rise to Empire (8)
Pax Romana: era of peace and stability
Active commercial contact
Artistic and literary productivity
Public works projects
Birth of Christianity
Following death of Augustus, Rome continued to be ruled by military officials
No system for succession to imperial throne
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10. The Roman Rise to Empire (9)
Roman Law
Landmark achievement: development of a system of law
Developed out of practical necessity
Twelve Tables of Law
Acts of the Assembly and Senate, and public decrees of emperors, added over time
Interpreted by praetors and jurisconsults
Became case law; developed precedent
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Roman Literature (1)
Latin Prose Literature
Used prose to compile and transmit information
Geographies, encyclopedias, histories
Titus Livius
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Oratory, epistles
Renowned for clarity and eloquence
Concern for political realities
Essay On Duty
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Roman Literature (2)
Philosophic Thought
Romans respected and preserved writings of Hellenic and Hellenistic thinkers
Admired Aristotle, Epicurean and Stoic works
Lucretius popularized theories of Democritus and Leucippus
Stoicism became especially popular
Rational detachment; subjugation of emotion to reason
Seneca, On Tranquility of Mind
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Roman Literature (3)
Epic Poetry
Golden Age of Latin literature under Augustus
Landmark work: Virgil’s Aeneid
Literary epic glorifying imperial achievements of Augustus, the primacy of duty
Became foundation for education in Latin language
Lyric Poetry and Satire
Eclogues, Virgil
Glorification of natural landscape and rustic inhabitants
Catullus, Poems to Lesbia
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Roman Literature (4)
Ovid
Metamorphoses
Stories of Greek and Roman gods
The Art of Love
Misogynistic guide to the art of seduction
Horace
Odes
Lyric poetry; criticisms on Roman life; satire
Satire: Roman landmark contribution to literature
Juvenal, Satires
“Against Women”—antifemale diatribe
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Roman Literature (5)
Roman women
Could not vote or hold public office
Could own property and manage their legal affairs
Educated with boys
Bias of Juvenal likely reflection of widespread public outcry against licentiousness
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Roman Literature (6)
Roman Drama
Modeled on Greek works
Entertainment for civic festivals (ludi)
Most surviving plays are comedic
Plautus; Terence
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Art and Empire (1)
Roman Architecture
Reflected practical needs of sprawling empire
Superb engineers
Arch
Vault
Aqueducts
Use of concrete
Architecture and engineering considered same discipline
Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture
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Art and Empire (2)
Roman amphitheaters
“Bread and circuses”
Circus Maximus
Colosseum
Combination of arch and post-and-lintel
Pantheon
Landmark that inspired more works of architecture than any other in Greco-Roman history
Temple to seven planetary deities
Observes classical principles of symmetry and harmony
Maison Carrée
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Art and Empire (3)
Roman baths
Elaborate structures fed by hot springs
Centered on a basilica
Basilica ideal for courts of law, meeting halls, marketplaces
Nave, apse
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Art and Empire (4)
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Art and Empire (5)
Roman Sculpture
Political power advertised in monumental public works; visual propaganda
Triumphal arches
Victory columns
Sculpture served political function
Ruler on horseback
Roman realism
So lifelike that use of wax death mask suspected
Portrait sculpture reflected personality and character of the sitter
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Art and Empire (6)
Roman Painting and Mosaic
Pompeii; Herculaneum
Villas built around atrium; surrounding walls painted with frescoes
Use of illusionism (tromp l’ oeil)
Empirical perspective
Light and shade
Still Life with Eggs and Thrushes
Invention of still life; landscape painting
Demonstrated affection for the tangible, nature
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Art and Empire (7)
Roman Music
No surviving examples of musical resources
Music theory and most instruments adopted from Greeks
Music essential to public entertainment, military life
Developed brass instruments for military processions
Water organ used in theater and public sports arenas
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Art and Empire (8)
The Fall of Rome
Exact cause of fifth-century C.E. collapse of the Roman Empire unknown
Likely a slow decline caused by combination of internal circumstances
Difficulties governing huge empire
Decline of slave trade
Increasing gap between rich and poor
Between 335 and 385, twenty-six emperors ruled Rome (only one died naturally)
In 476, empire fell
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25. Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (1)
The Qin Dynasty (221–210 B.C.E.)
Created empire by defeating all rival states
“First Emperor” Shih Huang Di
Salaried bureaucracy
Census
Standardization and uniformity in written language, coinage, weights and measures
Promoted silk industry
Great Wall of China
Landmark expression of Qin power: Shi Huang Di’s tomb
Terracotta soldiers
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26. Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (2)
The Han Dynasty (210 B.C.E.–220 C.E.)
High point of Chinese classical civilization
Tripled size of the empire
Visual Arts and Music
Royal tombs
Bronze-casting and ceramics
Musical instruments found in tombs
Bells, zithers, panpipes, flutes, drums
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27. Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (3)
Han Literature
Landmark writings that influence Chinese culture today
Restoration of Confucianism
Five Chinese classics
Record keeping
Landmark work: Sima Qian, Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian)
Lyric poetry
Much of it written by women
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28. Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (4)
LITERARY LANDMARKS
THE FIVE CHINESE CLASSICS (Circa B.C.E.)*
The Book of Changes (I jing)—a text for divination
The Book of History (Shu jing)—government records: speeches, reports, and announcements by rulers and ministers of ancient China
The Book of Songs (Shi jing)—an anthology of some three hundred poems: folk songs, ceremonial and secular poems
The Book of Rites (Li chi)—a collection of texts centering on rules of conduct for everyday life
The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chun-chiu)—commentaries that chronicle events up to the fifth century B.C.E.
*A sixth classic, on music, is no longer in existence.
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29. Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (5)
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