1. Chapter2 Theory and approach
Phd. Hu Haisheng Associate Professor, Master Supervisor Department of Tourism Management,
College of Tourism and Urban Management,
Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, CHINA
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2. Chapter2 Theory and approach
1. Some theories about planning
2. Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
3. The Futures of Tourism

3. 1. Some theories about planning
Location theory

4. Location theory
concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics.
Location theory addresses questions of what economic activities are located where and why.
Location theory rests—like microeconomic theory generally—on the assumption that agents act in their own self-interest. Firms thus choose locations that maximize their profits and individuals choose locations that maximize their utility.

5. 1. Some theories about planning
Theory of Consumer Behavior
The principle assumption upon which the theory of consumer behavior and demand is built is: a consumer attempts to allocate his/her limited money income among available goods and services so as to maximize his/her utility (satisfaction).

6. Black box model Environmental factors Buyer's black box
Buyer's response
Marketing Stimuli
Environmental Stimuli
Buyer Characteristics
Decision Process
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
Economic
Technological
Political
Cultural
Demographic
Natural
Attitudes
Motivation
Perceptions
Personality
Lifestyle
Knowledge
Problem recognition
Information search
Alternative evaluation
Purchase decision
Post-purchase behaviour
Product choice
Brand choice
Dealer choice
Purchase timing
Purchase amount

7. 1. Some theories about planning
Competitiveness(Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations ,1990)
The Diamond Model
Every business operates within a playing field—the environment where it is born and where it learns to compete. The diamond is a model for identifying multiple dimensions of microeconomic competitiveness in nations, states, or other locations, and understanding how they interact.

8. 1. Some theories about planning
Competitiveness(Michael Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations ,1990)
Firm strategy,
structure and
rivalry
Challenge
Demand
conditions
Factor
conditions
Goverment
Related and
supporting
industries

9. 1. Some theories about planning
Butler ’s TALC (Tourism Area Lifecycle)

10. Blackpool's Tourist History applied to the Butler Model

11. 1. Some theories about planning
Sustainable Tourism – the panacea?
“Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems”
(UN World Tourism Organisation)

12. 2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
Systems Approach
Comprehensive Approach
Integrated Approach
Environmental and Sustainable Approach
Community Approach
Implementable Approach

13. 2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
SYSTEMS APPROACH
Requires that adequate information about the system is available to understand and analyze it.
Computer technology is needed to collect and analyze this data.

14. 2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH
All aspects of tourism development are analyzed and planned on a broad scope.

15. 2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
3. INTEGRATED APPROACH
Tourism is planned and developed as an integrated system within itself and integrated into the overall plan and development pattern of the area.

16. 2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
Tourism is planned, developed and managed in such a way that the natural and cultural resources are not used up so that they are available for continuous and permanent use in the future.
Carrying capacity analysis is an important technique used in the environmental and sustainable approach.

17. 2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
COMMUNITY APPROACH
Planning is for the residents of the area. The local residents should be given the opportunity to participate in the planning of their community’s future development and express their opinion on the type of community they want to live in.

18. 2.Tourism Planning Approaches and Techniques
IMPLEMENTABLE APPROACH
Tourism plan, policies and recommendations are expressed in a practical and achievable manner.

19. 3. The Futures of Tourism
Construction of scenarios about the future position of tourism in order to develop new thinking and strategic directions
What will the world be like in 2050?
Changing markets - drives tourism spend
Technology – how we interface with the world
Resources – determine destinations & how we get there

20. 3. The Futures of Tourism Changing markets
China, USA & India are the richest countries in the world
The world’s population is getting older
Average hotel employee is aged under 25 years
75% of the world’s wealth is held by people over the age of 50 years
Increasing unemployment rates among young
Polarisation of haves and have-nots

21. Changing values

22. 3. The Futures of Tourism Technology: How will it change?
Technology In What The Future Of Tech Looks Like!

23. Google glasses: The end of maps & guidebooks?

24. Technology is a key to Future Tourism

25. 3. The Futures of Tourism Resources Global warming Peak oil
Increasing world population
Tourism Industry?

26. Future of Transport – flying cars?

27. Sustainable hotel design – energy saving and sustainable architecture?
Sustainable architecture seeks to minimise the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy and development space.
Photo: Inter Continental Songjiang Resort

28. What does the Future hold for Tourism?
How we behave and deal with it will make the difference, e.g. cooperation or rivalry?
Families are changing, e.g. free entry for grandparents? feminisation of travel. Health & well being are becoming more important e.g. diabetes, accessibility
Consumers looking for change e.g. new niches, new destinations, individuality
but the state of the world is fragile; need for a drive for sustainable change and a cooperative world e.g. one world currency?