1. U.S. in World War II
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How were the United States and its Allies able to achieve victory in World War II?

2. TEKS and Objectives We will… I will…
(7A) identify reasons for U.S. involvement in WWII (7B) evaluate the domestic and international leadership of FDR during WWII (7C) analyze the function of the U.S. Office of War Information (7D) analyze the interment of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans and Executive Order 9066 (7G) explain the home front and how American patriotism inspired exceptional actions by citizens and military personnel (17A) describe economic effects of WWII on the home front (19B) explain the constitutional issues raised during WWII
Analyze primary sources in order to evaluate U.S. reaction to and involvement in WWII

3. American Neutrality Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) Cash-and-Carry Policy
Americans prohibited from travelling on ships of nations at war
Americans prohibited from selling arms to countries at war
Cash-and-Carry Policy
Sold non-military goods to nations opposed to aggression (Allied Powers)
Countries had to pay cash and carry on their own ships

4. Japan Invades China FDR’s “Quarantine Speech”
Said peaceful nations had to act together to quarantine (isolate) aggressive nations
Encouraged democratic nations to boycott aggressors
Most Americans opposed to U.S. military intervention

5. Roosevelt’s “Quarantine” Speech called for economic embargoes against aggressors. The speech caused an uproar with isolationists, and Roosevelt later backed down:
“It is my [hope] to pursue a policy of peace and avoid involvement in war. There is an interdependence about the modern world, which makes it impossible for any nation to isolate itself from [the] upheavals in the rest of the world, especially when such upheavals appear to be spreading. It seems that the epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of disease starts to spread, the community joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease.” If the free nations of the world had acted as Roosevelt proposed, would World War II have been prevented? Explain your answer.

6. Aid Sent to China Burma Road Flying Tigers
Used by British to send supplies
Cut off by enemy
Flying Tigers
Volunteer fighter pilots
Sent supplies
Destroyed almost 300 Japanese aircraft

7. America Prepares for War
Congress
Increased spending on army and navy
Enacted first peacetime draft
President Roosevelt
Ran for/was elected to third term
First and last president to do so

8. Supporting the Allies Lend-Lease Act U.S. Navy
U.S. would sell, lease, or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States”
U.S. Navy
Battleships protected British ships in the Atlantic

9. Roosevelt and Churchill
Roosevelt’s Vision for a World Based on Four Freedoms:
Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom of religion
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister
Met with Roosevelt on U.S. warship
Atlantic Charter
U.S. and G.B. seeking no territorial gains, freedom of the seas, and end to all war
Laid the foundation for the United Nations

10. Increasing U.S.-Japanese Tensions
Japanese Industrialization
needed raw materials and markets for their industries
Japanese Imperialism
Wanted to replace European imperialism in Asia
Japanese Aggression
Military leaders influenced national policy
Invaded Manchuria (1931) and China (1937)
Occupied southern Indochina (1941)
U.S. Reaction
Froze Japanese assets in the U.S.
Cut off all trade with Japan (embargo)

11. Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese Strategy December 7, 1941
Surprise attack to temporarily eliminate U.S. naval power from the Pacific
Conquer territory in East Asia and the Pacific before U.S. can recover
December 7, 1941
Two waves of Japanese airplanes attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet stationed in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
sank/severely damages 18 U.S. ships
Killed/injured almost 6,000 Americans

12. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan.
“Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date that will live in infamy – the United States was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with the nation, and … was still in conversation with its government toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the U.S. and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message and while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.” Should American officials have been surprised by the attack on Pearl Harbor? Explain your answer.

13. United States Goes to War
Two-Front War
U.S. declared war on Japan (Pacific)
Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. (Atlantic)

14. Americans at War: The Home Front
War Bonds
Purchased by citizens and used to pay for the war
Industrial Production
Switched rapidly from peacetime to wartime production
Automobile factories  tank factories

15. Americans at War: The Home Front
Rationing
Regulated amount of goods consumers could get
Food, coffee, tires, gasoline, clothing, etc.
Ration coupons issued to each family, based on size
Victory Gardens
Vegetable gardens planted by Americans
Made more food available for troops

16. Americans at War: The Home Front
Office of War Information (OWI)
Produced pro-Allied, anti-Axis propaganda (movies and posters)
Produced radio programs, newsreels
Made citizens aware of how they could help
Stirred up distrust of German, Italian, and Japanese leaders

17. Americans at War: The Home Front
Women in the Workforce
New jobs, new skills, and new opportunities
Women’s Army Corps (WAC) provided wartime jobs
Women replaced men so more could be sent into combat

18. Ethnic Minorities: Opportunities and Obstacles
African Americans
Many also replaced men in the workforce
1 million served in the military in segregated units
Leaders demanded and obtained all-black combat units
Tuskegee Airmen
African-American fighter group in the Air Corps
Provided escorts for pilots on bombing missions

19. Ethnic Minorities: Opportunities and Obstacles
Native Americans
25,000 served in combat
40,000 left their reservations to work in defense industries
Mexican Americans
Served in both the army and navy
Continued to face segregated housing, high unemployment, and low wages

20. Internment Camps Executive Order 9066 (February 1942)
Forced Japanese Americans to relocated to internment camps away from Western coast
Japanese Americans lived in primitive and crowded conditions
Korematsu v. U.S.
Japanese American refused to relocate
Believed constitutional rights had been violated
Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s Order on the grounds that constitutional liberties may be limited in wartime
German and Italian Americans
Small number also interned
2,000 German residents forcibly sent back to Germany