1. Kingdom – Plantae Phylum - Anthophyta
Also known as Angiosperms, or to most people flowering plants

2. Anthophyta - Angiosperms
Produce flowers and form seeds enclosed in fruit
Fruit protects the embryo inside the seed and aids in seed dispersal
Fruit develops from a flowers female reproductive structure

5. 2 classes
Monocots (one seed leaf)
Common monocots – corn, grass, lilly, and orchid
Dicots (2 seed leaves)
Common dicots – Maple tree, tomatoes, potatoes, and dandelion

7. Can be divided by lifespans
Annuals (live for one year or less)
Corn, beans, tomatoes, and many food crops
Biennials (lives for 2 years )
Parsley, carrots, Sweet William, raspberries
Perennials (can live for several years)
Asparagus, hostas, roses, peonies, coreopsis and many others

10. Why flowers? location for sexual reproduction in Angiosperms
co-evolved with the pollinators
symbiotic relationship – all species involved benefit!

11. Flower Anatomy Many sizes, shapes and colors
Most contain the following organs in some shape or form
Petals
Sepals
Stamens
Pistols

12. Petals Usually brightly colored
Often have perfume or nectar at the base
Provide surface for pollinators to rest on as they feed
All of the petals together are called the corolla

13. Sepals
Usually found in a ring at the base or outermost portion of the flower
Serve as protective covering for the flower bud
All of the sepals together are called the calyx

14. Stamen – male reproductive structure
Made up of the anther and filament
The anther is found at the tip of the filament – this is where pollen is produced
The number of stamens varies from flower to flower

15. Pistil/Carpel – female reproductive structure
Made up of the Stigma, Style and Ovary
The stigma is at the top of the pistil. It’s role is to receive the pollen
The style connects the stigma to the ovary
The ovary is at the base. It contains ovules that produce eggs
The number of ovaries varies in flowers

17. Complete vs Incomplete Flowers Perfect vs Imperfect Flower
Complete flowers: pistils, stamens, sepals and petals
Incomplete flower: lacking any of the parts
Perfect flower: has both pistils and stamens
Imperfect flower: lacks either pistils or stamens

18. Monoecious vs Dioecious
Monoecious –separate male and female flowers on the same plant
Ex. Corn, pecans, walnuts, cucumbers, and squash
Dioecious – separate male and female plants
Ex. Holly, ginkgo, pistachio, and marijuana

19. Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism: response of flowering plants to daily daylight-darkness conditions
Ensures all plants of the same species bloom at the same time

20. Critical Period
The specific daylight-darkness conditions that will make flowering begin
Day length is not what matters – amount of darkness is what matters
The names are misleading – the categories were named before scientists realized it was darkness, not light, that prompted flowering

21. 4 Categories
Short-day: daylight is shorter than critical period – asters, poinsettias, strawberries
Long-day: daylight is longer than critical period – carnations, petunias, potatoes
Day neutral – flowers over a range of daylight hours, day length is not what induces flowering
Intermediate day – will not flower if days are longer or shorter than critical period – sugarcane and grass

23. Pollination & Fertilization
Aka – the birds and the bees 

24. Development of the female gametophyte
Inside the flower the sporophyte produces haploid spores
Female spores are megaspores
The nucleus of the megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to produce the female gametophyte
One nucleus becomes the egg, another becomes the egg, another two become the central cell.

26. All of this is taking place inside the ovaries, which are part of the pistil.

27. Development of the male gametophyte…so much simpler than the female
Microspores are produced inside the anther
Microspores develop into the male gametophyte – the pollen grain
The haploid nucleus undergoes mitosis, but only once
One nucleus is the tube nucleus, the other is the generative nucleus

29. Now that we have sperm and eggs, how do we get them together?
POLLINATION!
Definition – the transfer of the pollen grain from the anther to the stigma
Possible pollinators – wind, water and animals

30. Adaptations in flowers
Some features that attract animals
Strong scent
Nectar
Bright colors
Patterns invisible to the human eye

31. Adaptations in wind pollinated plants
Lack of petals – no need to waste energy attracting the wind
Overproduction of pollen – to make up for the pollen that never makes it to the stigma

32. The pollen grain has landed on the stigma, so what’s next
The pollen grain has landed on the stigma, so what’s next? Double Fertilization!!

34. & Vegetative Reproduction
Seed Germination
&
Vegetative Reproduction

36. Seed germination Dormancy – the period of inactivity in a mature seed
Varies greatly between species
Ends when the seed germinates
Germination – the beginning of the development of the embryo into a new plant

37. Germination
Water, oxygen and warm temperatures activate the metabolism
Some seeds have specific requirements
Ex. Animals digestive system, freezing temps, extensive soaking in saltwater, specific daylengths, exposure to fire.

38. Dicot germination Radicle – embryonic root appears first
Hypocotyl – portion of stem nearest seed
Cotyledon – plants first leaves
In monocots the cotyledon remains below the surface

41. Vegetative reproduction
A new plant is produced from a stem, root or leaf
This is essentially cloning – producing new plants that are genetically identical to their parents
Tissue culture and/or cuttings.

42. Chapter 24.3
Seeds and Fruit

43. Why?
The seeds and fruits formed help ensure survival of the next generation

44. Seed formation
After fertilization
Zygote divides = embryo
Triploid cell divides = endosperm
Ovule wall = seed coat

45. Fruit formation
Fruit – the structure that contains the seeds of an anthophyte
Fruit – the enlarged ovary surrounding the seed
Can be made up of other organs as well.

47. Fruits Fleshy fruits – apples, grapes, melons, tomatoes, cucumbers
Dry fruits – peanuts, sunflower seeds, walnuts.
The ovary around the seeds hardens

48. Seed dispersal Fruits aid in dispersal Dispersal reduces competition
Animals – digestion and/or carrying the seed on the body
Wind – dandelion, tumbleweed
Water – coconut and water lilies

49. Pictures – from flower to fruit

51. What about seedless fruit?
Ex. Watermelon and bananas
Triploid plants – prevents meiosis from happening and no gametes are produced
So where do the plants come from if there are no viable seeds?

52. Bananas – vegetative reproduction
Watermelons – Cross a diploid with a tetraploid to produce a triploid seed
Diploid (2) + Tetraploid (4) = 6 sets of chromosomes
Divide 6 by meiosis to get 3 sets of chromosomes.
Pollination triggers fruit formation – without seeds.
The plants must be grown with a diploid variety for pollen

53. Seed germination Dormancy – the period of inactivity in a mature seed
Varies greatly between species
Ends when the seed germinates
Germination – the beginning of the development of the embryo into a new plant

54. Germination Water – activates the metabolism
Some seeds have specific requirements
Ex. Animals digestive system, freezing temps, extensive soaking in saltwater, specific daylengths, exposure to fire.

55. Dicot germination Radicle – embryonic root appears first
Hypocotyl – portion of stem nearest seed
Cotyledon – plants first leaves
In monocots the cotyledon remains below the surface

56. Vegetative reproduction
A new plant is produced from a stem, root or leaf
This is essentially cloning – producing new plants that are genetically identical to their parents
Tissue culture and/or cuttings.