1. Chapter 14
Forging the National Economy

2. AMERICAN GROWTH AND PROGRESS
Population growth
1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861
13 states to 33 states by 1861
Expansion of cities
Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s
Why? Potato famine and European problems
Irish
German 48er’s
Hated by “Nativists”
3. Transformation of American Industry
Industrial Revolution – why?
American System
Sectionalism
Industrial pioneers

3. Westward Movement Americans marched quickly toward west
very hard w/ disease & loneliness
Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed
Westward movement molded environment
tobacco exhausted land
“Kentucky blue grass” thrived

4. Population Growth from 1620 to 1860
5.3 million

9. Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850
City growth
Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850

10. The March of the Millions
High birthrate accounted for population growth
Population doubling every 25 years
Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came
Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US soared

12. Causes
Event
Effects
Irish escape famine
in their country
Produced feelings
Of nativism among
Many Americans
Settled mostly in
urban areas of
the Northeast
U.S. experiences
Huge influx
Of immigrants.
Know-Nothing Party
Was started to prevent
Immigrants from
Holding office
Millions of Germans
arrived and settled
in the Midwest

13. IMMIGRATION
Hated because they were willing to work for less

14. Irish Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849
Main ports of entry – New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston
Irish were too poor to move inland and farm so they stayed in the cities
Boston did not particularly like the Irish – catholic, illiterate, poor
“No Irish need apply!”
Ancient Order of Hibernians
Benevolent society to help Irish
Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union)
Gradually improved and became active politically
NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine
Hated because they were willing to work for less

15. German Immigration Most Germans came due to crop failures
Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin
A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848
German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists
Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer

16. Sources of Immigration, 1820-40

17. Sources of Immigration, 1840-60

18. Settlements of Immigrants
IMMIGRATION
Settlements of Immigrants
Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston
Germans would settle in Midwest

19. Early Nativism
American “nativists” feared 1840s & 1850s invasion of immigrants
Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism
Catholics built their own schools, were #1 denomination by 1850
1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party
Wanted immigration restrictions
Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston convent (1834)
Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in several days of fighting (1844)

20. The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
Nativists.
Anti-Catholics.
Anti-immigrants.
1849  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

21. “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

22. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production
Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories
Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S.
Beginning of US Factory System
US slow to embrace factory system
Scarce labor
Little capital
Superiority of British factories

23. Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything.
They were first copiers, then innovators.
1800  41 patents were approved.
1860  4,357 “ “ “

24. The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery.
ELI WHITNEY
The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery.
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry.
He is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles.
Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.

25. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Cotton gin invented in 1793
50 times more effective than hand picking
Raising cotton more profitable
South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”
New England factories flourish with Southern cotton

26. Effects Cotton Gin Increased exports for the South
Planters became rich
Cotton Gin
Increased demand for slaves

30. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

31. The Northern
Industrial
"Juggernaut"

32. 1830s, Industrialization grew throughout the North…
US FACTORY SYSTEM
1830s, Industrialization grew throughout the North…
Southern cotton shipped to Northern textile mills was a good working relationship.

33. Samuel Slater was the "Father of the American Factory System."
US FACTORY SYSTEM
Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories.
Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry.
Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day
Samuel Slater was the "Father of the American Factory System."

34. Workers & Wage Slaves
With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed
Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.
Labor unions illegal
1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

35. Workers & Wage Slaves 1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers
Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions
Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions
1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day
1837 depression hurt union membership
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

36. US FACTORY SYSTEM
The Lowell Mills
Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories
Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody
Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

37. Lowell Mill

38. Starting for Lowell

39. What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”

40. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

41. Lowell Mills Time Table

42. Early “Union” Newsletter

43. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

44. Early Textile Loom

45. The Lowell System Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832
Young New England farm girls
Supervised on and off the job
Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day
Escorted to church on Sunday

46. US FACTORY SYSTEM
Women & the Economy
1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home
Vast majority of working women were single
Left paying jobs upon marriage
“Cult of domesticity”
Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker
Empowers married women
Increased power & independence of women in home led to decline in family size

48. New
Inventions:
"Yankee Ingenuity"

49. Industrialists and Inventors Development or Invention
Robert Fulton
steamboat
Samuel Slater
Textile machine
Mass production of textiles
Francis C. Lowell
Eli Whitney
Interchangeable parts
Samuel F.B. Morse
Telegraph; Morse code

50. John Deere & the Steel Plow

51. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

52. “WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”
Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph
“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

53. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

54. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine
Perfected by Singer
Gave boost to northern industry
Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry
Led many women into factories

55. Eli Whitney also invents principle of interchangeable parts, used in muskets for army.
1850: principle widely adopted, led to mass production, & gave North large industrial plants, military superiority over South.
From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)

56. The
Transportation
Revolution

57. Transportation
Industrialization
Railroads: enabled trains to travel fast and go wherever track was laid
Manufacturing went from hand tools to large complex machines
Interchangeable parts transformed
One-by-one process into a factory
Process. Telegraph quickly sent
Messages over long-distances
Steamboats: made river travel more reliable
Erie canal: connected the Hudson River at Albany to Lake Erie at Buffalo N.Y
Skilled artisans gave way to
Workers organized by tasks
National Road: major east-west
Highway that reached from
Cumberland, Maryland to
Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia)
Factories replaced home- based
Work manufactures sold wares
nationwide

58. Highways AMERICAN SYSTEM
Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable
The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832
Connected Maryland to Illinois.
Built by US government

59. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

61. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

62. AMERICAN SYSTEM
Population shift because of westward expansion
the West demanded transportation.
The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash
Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825
NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal
Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West
Clinton’s Big Ditch Other canals follow
Navigable rivers and the steamboat
the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

63. ROBERT FULTON
1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.
The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930.

64. Erie Canal System

65. Principal Canals in 1840

67. Inland Freight Rates

68. Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry.
Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

69. The Railroad Revolution,1850s
1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy
Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California.
Completed by 1869.
Faster, cheaper, more reliable than canals, defied terrain & weather.
1st RR in 1828; by 1860, 33,000 miles of track, most in North.
Obstacles eventually overcome: Pullman “sleeping palace” produced in 1859

70. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

71. Pioneer Railroad Promoters
1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation.
1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy
Competition between Railroads and Canals
Obstacles
opposition from canal backers
danger of fire
poor brakes
difference in track gauge meant changing trains

73. Map rr

74. Clipper Ships

75. Effects of the Transportation Revolution
, Pony Express connected East-West
Telegraph instantly sent messages across US
Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy
People moved faster and country expanded
Unifying spirit among fellow country men
A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west

76. Telegraph revolutionized communication
Would replace the Pony Express by 1861

77. TRAILS WESTWARD
Trails

78. The results of early 19c industrialization in America?
ECONOMIC?
POLITICAL?
The results of
early 19c
industrialization
in America?
SOCIAL?
FUTURE PROBLEMS?