0. SDI from a technological perspective: Standards
Arnold Bregt

1. Components
People
Technology
Policies
Standards
Spatial Data

2. Contents Why Standards? Classification of standards
Standardization organizations
Standards for SDI

3. Standards
Can you mention a few standards in daily life?

4. Standards – make life easier

5. Why Standards? Efficiency Rules and threshold for society
Increase connectivity

6. Classification of standards
Ad hoc standards
Proprietary standards
De facto standards
De jure standards

8. Organisations ISO/tc211 OGC EU (INSPIRE) CEN/tc278 National government
NEN
NEN, CEN, ISO = non-profit, national representatives, but of course national interests at stake related to national industry.
ISO/tc211 = international standardisation organisation, tc211 geomatics
CEN/tc278 = european standardisation organisation , tc278 geomatics
NEN = netherlands standardisation organisation
CEN adopts ISO. What does adopt mean? Varies from nothing much to developing profiles / application schemas and proposing new work items
NEN adopts ISO. Not sure if this goes via CEN. Varies from nothing much to developing profiles / application schemas and proposing new work items. AND: here is where you buy a GI standard
EU and national governments can decide that certain standards are mandatory. E.g. in EU INSPIRE is like a law. EU does what the E countries want, so lots of negotiation -> not whole standard compulsory but subset -> registered for publication as profile or application at CEN. Possibly at ISO. E countries obliged to adopt EU legislation.
So, countries can decide certain standards to be compulsory. But may also be less stringent. E.g. govt. recommending use of specific standard. Govt. deciding that within the own organisation will be working with particular standards.
OGC = profit = industry consortium. Tries to influence ISO/TC211. Out of company interests. If industry needs standard but ISO is not working on it or working on it too slowly. Industry consortium works faster because spending less time on consensus building. Risk: responding to interests of private companies, not society. Responding only to interests of companies who have resources for involvement in standardisation. Benefit: fast and possibly more in touch with users’ needs

9. Standardization organizations
ISO
OGC
CEN

10. ISO Founded 1926 Non-governmental organization
1994 ISO TC 211 Geographic information/geomatics

11. Exercise 1 1) What is the name and number of the last ISO19XXX series?
2) When was the first plenary of the ISI TC 211?
3) What is the prize of ISO :2014 Standard
Answer 1 ISO9115
Answer /11 (Olso)
Answer CHF

12. Organization - process
ISO
Technical committee (TC) for particular domain
Working group (WG) for particular group of standards
Project team (PT) for particular standard
Stages
Proposal (NWIP = New Work Item Proposal) -> TC
Preparatory stage (WD = working draft) -> WG
Committee stage (CD = committee draft) -> TC
Enquiry stage (FDIS = (final) draft international standard)
Approval stage -> TC & all ISO member bodies: final Yes/No
Publication stage (IS = international standard)
So people in the project team write the standard. In various stages they get comments which they have to process. They do that via and web correspondence and at occasional PT or WG meetings.
Whole procedure can take up to 5 years! If not completed and still need for it, whole process starts over again. For this reason often completed just before deadline to avoid all efforts of being officially deleted.

13. OGC Open Geospatial consortium Founded 1994 Industry consortium
Implementation specifications
For instance: WMS, WFS, GML,
Testing of implemenations

14. Exercise 1) What are the 5 most implemented OGC specifications?
2) How many software products support OGC specifications/standards?
3) What are OGC standards to be used for Smart Cities?
See list
See File
See White paper?

15. Example

16. CEN (now dormant 2015) CEN organization 1961
TC 287 (Geographic information)
Founded 1991
Revival in 2004
Adoption of ISO standards
CEN TC 287

17. Standards for SDI (basis)
Meta-data
Spatial data reference models
Services

18. Metadata ISO 19115 (formal description)
ISO (technical implementation)
Catalog service (CAT)
Metadata about services (ISO )

19. Spatial data reference models
ISO (reference model)
ISO (Spatial schema)
ISO (Temporal schema)
ISO (Application schema)
ISO (Spatial referencing by coordinates)
ISO (Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers)

20. Services Web map service (WMS) Web feature service (WFS)
Web coverage service (WCS)

21. Combining Services Mapping service Sensor service Image service Geo
spatial
service
Source

22. Cooperation ISO and OGC

23. INSPIRE- Implementing Rules (IR)
IR for the creation and updating of metadata
IR for monitoring and reporting
IR for discovery and view services
IR for download services
IR for coordinates transformation service
IR governing the access rights of use to spatial data sets and services for Community institutions and bodies
IRs for the interoperability and harmonization of spatial data sets and services for Annex I spatial data themes

24. INSPIRE
Inspire Information
Inspire Video

25. Summary There are a lot of GI standards
Produced by ISO, OGC and CEN (Europe)
Implemented in a variety of software implementations
Large part of it is used and relevant for SDI

26. Thank you for your attention!
Questions
Thank you for your attention!