1. Sources of solid waste. Waste water. gas emissions
Lecture 4
Sources of solid waste.
Waste water.
gas emissions

2. The main sources of wastewater
Industrial Enterprises
Household Enterprise;
Large livestock farms;
large agricultural complexes;
Pulp and Paper industry
Mines water;
Processing and fusion of timber;
Discharges of water and rail transport;

3. Sewage composition and origin
Qualitative composition
Phase Composition
Genesis
Runoff
solids
Petroleum products,
fertilizers
SUSPENDED
organic compound (60%)
minerals (40%)
microorganisms and bacteria
colloids
Houshold
Molecular solutions of organic substances
Solids
Mineral oils and mineral oil,
Inorganic acids and salts,
alkalis, surfactants
ions of heavy metals
Industrial
Ion solutions

4. Types of waste water pollution
Mechanical - increased content of mechanical impurities (mainly for surface water);
Chemical - presence in water soluble organic or inorganic (mineral) compounds of toxic or non-toxic action: acids, alkalis, salts (arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine); hydrocarbons of various structures and their derivatives - more than 1 million substances
Bacterial and biological - the presence of organic residues in water ( million tons / year), surfactants, nutrients, a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and small algae.
Radioactive - the presence of radioactive substances in surface water or groundwater;
Heat - heated water of thermal and nuclear ES, industrial effluents

5. Modern methods of wastewater treatment (Mechanism)
Biological: the field of filtration, biological ponds, aeration tanks, digesters, biofilters
Physical: magnetic, ultrasound, electric pulse processing, ionizing radiation
Physical and chemical: coagulation, flotation, adsorption, ion exchange, extraction, distillation, freezing, electrodialysis, hyperfiltration, reverse osmosis
Methods
Mechanical: sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, microfiltration, hydro cyclones, filter-press
Chemical: oxidation (chlorination, ozonation, liquid phase and vapor-phase oxidation), reduction, neutralization, complexation

6. Technological purification scheme
Depends on:
the concentration (amount) of impurities
particle size (the phase state in the solution)
the speed of the processes,
mechanism of action

7. Mechanical methods
Mechanical impurities (coarse particles) are removed, depending on the dimensions by:
bars, screens, sand traps, septic tanks and manure catchers of different designs;
Surface contamination - oil trap, oil and gasoline catchers, settlers and others.
It allows to select 60-75% of insoluble impurities from the household waters, and up to 95% - from industrial waters

8. Sand catchers for runoff
coalescing unit
settlers

9. Oil catchers: Principe of work

10. Oil catchers for runoff
horizontal
vertical

11. Vertical sorption filter
Sorbents:
IIM-C, made from porous natural active coal;
Sand; caolin; peat; silica gel and others material with highly developed surface

12. Bio-filter construction

13. Common scheme of runoff treatment
Oil catchers
Sand catchers
Adsorption filter

14. Technological scheme

15. Biological methods
based on the chemical and biological self-purification of water bodies - the biological oxidation of organic and some inorganic substances as a result of microbial contaminants using sewage as nutrient substrate
Cleaning Performance (oxidation rate, efficiency) are dependent on temperature, mixing intensity,
oxygen concentration,
the content of toxic substances and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
degree of recirculation of the activated sludge.

16. Participating groups of bacteria: a - enzymatic acidogenes,
MECHANISM OF METHANE FERMENTATION
MAIN ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: hydrocarbons, proteins, fats
1-ST STAGE - HYDROLISIS
SIMPLE SOLUBLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
2-ND STAGE – ACID FORMATION
Acetates, butyrates, propionates, alcohols
3-D STAGE – ACETIC ACID FORMATION
4-TH STAGE –METHANE FORMATION
Participating groups of bacteria: a - enzymatic acidogenes,
b- acetogenes forming H2, c- acetogenes using H2
d- methanogenes, reducing CO2, f - methanogenes using acetate

17. CHEMICAL STAGES OF METHANE FORMATION
SIMPLE ORGANIC SUBSTANSES: AMINO ACIDS, LONG CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, SUGARS, ETS
PROTEINS, HYDROCARBONS, FATS
SIMPLE ORGANIC SUBSTANSES
“B” - BACTERIA
“C” - BACTERIA
“E” - BACTERIA
“D” - BACTERIA

18. Fields of filtration

19. Bio-filters