1. Bacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular, organisms that lack a nucleus
Prokaryotes
Unicellular, organisms that lack a nucleus
Much smaller than most eukaryotic cells

2. Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria now referred to as just Archaea
FYI: The three Domain system, previously discussed was started in the late 1970’s by a scientist by the name of Dr. Carl Woese. His discovery of Archae bacteria (and how different they were from eubacteria, lead him to introduce this change)
FYI: Because archaebacteria are so different from eubacteria some scientists do not refer to them as bacteria at all and instead just call them Archaea

3. Live almost everywhere
Eubacteria
Larger of the two
Live almost everywhere
Water, land, and within the human body
E. coli
Anabaena
Streptomyces griseus
Soil bacteria

4. Cell-Surface Structures
One of the most important features of nearly all prokaryotic cells is their cell wall.
Functions
Maintains cell shape
Provides protection
Prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environment

5. Within the cell wall is a cell membrane

6. HONORS External structures - Peptidoglycan
Carbohydrate in the cell wall of eubacteria only.
peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane
Some eubacteria have a second membrane outside the cell membrane

7. Archaea – survive in extreme environments
Their membrane lipids are different from those of eubacteria
They lack peptidoglycan
They look very similar to eubacteria
Thermoacidophiles
Morning Glory Pool – Yellowstone
230 degrees farenheit
Figure 27.1

8. Significance of DNA sequences of key archaea genes
They are more like those of eukaryotes than those of eubacteria
Scientists reason that archaea may be the ancestors of eukaryotes

9. Example of Archaea Extreme halophiles Live in high saline environments
Figure 27.14

10. Example of Archaea Methanogens Produce methane as a waste product
Live in oxygen free environments, such as thick mud and the digestive tracts of animals.
Bacteria in digestive tract

11. Archaea
Bill Nye greatest discoveries (Dr. Woese Archaea)  6:11-9:34
DeGrasse Tyson on Nova  8:52-14:00 AND 32:08-35:56

12. Four Characteristics Used to identify Prokaryotes
Shape
Chemical nature of cell wall
Way they move (motility)
Way they obtain energy

13. The shapes of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic cells have a variety of shapes
Rod – called bacilli
Spherical – called cocci
Corkscrew – called spiral
1 m
2 m
5 m
(a) Spherical (cocci)
(b) Rod-shaped (bacilli)
(c) Spiral
Figure 27.2a–c

14. Motility Most motile bacteria propel themselves by flagella
Which are structurally and functionally different from eukaryotic flagella
Some do not move at all
Flagellum
Filament
Hook
Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
Basal apparatus
50 nm
Figure 27.6

15. Metabolic Diversity (modes of nutrition)
Photoautotroph – carries out photosynthesis (light and inorganic molecules) like plants
Chemoautotroph – energy from chemical reactions involving inorganic molecules (sulfur, iron,)
Heterotroph – take in organic molecules and breaks them down
Photoheterotroph- captures sunlight for energy and also needs organic molecules as a carbon source

16. Photoautotroph The cyanobacterium
contain a bluish pigment and chlorophyll a
Photosynthetic
cells
The cells exchange, nitrogen for carbohydrates
Heterocyst
20 m
Heterocysts perform nitrogen fixation – convert nitrogen from atmosphere into ammonia
Figure 27.10

17. Chemoautotrophs
Live near hydrothermal vents
Obtain energy from hydrogen sulfide gas that flows from the vents

18. The way Prokaryotes release energy. Oxygen requirements
Obligate aerobes
Require a constant supply of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
Must live in the absence of oxygen
Are poisoned by oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
Switch between cellular respiration and fermentation
Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria for cellular respiration. Their cellular respiration takes place within the cytoplasm and cell membrane.

19. Growth and Reproduction
Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction
A cell grows to nearly double its size
Replicates its DNA
Divides in half producing two identical “daughter” cells
Can divide every 1–3 hours
Some can reproduce every 20 min.
How do they stay in control?
Use up food supply, poison themselves with waste, consumed by other organisms

20. Binary Fission – most bacteria reproduce this way.

21. A bacterial mating process
Conjugation
A bacterial mating process
A hollow bridge forms between two cell and genes move from one cell to another.
Transfer takes place through sex pili

22. What most bacteria need to live.
Moisture
A certain temperature
Nutrition
darkness

23. adaptation
Many prokaryotes form endospores – an internal wall that encloses DNA and cytoplasm.
Which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries
When conditions are favorable again, it absorbs water and resumes growth
Endospore
0.3 m
Figure 27.9
Boiling doesn’t kill endospores.
Autoclaving does. (High tem. And pressure.)

24. Importance of Bacteria
Decomposers
Attack and digest dead tissue
Break it down into simpler material
This material is released into the soil
Without decomposers life would not continue

25. Prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen
Nitrogen Metabolism
Prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen
Plants and animals need nitrogen to make amino acids, which help build proteins.
Nitrogen fixation
Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, which is the form that plants can use.
Plants use the nitrogen to build amino acids

26. Nitrogen Fixation

27. Symbiotic Relationships
Many prokaryotes
Live with other organisms in symbiotic relationships such as mutualism and commensalisms
Figure 27.15

28. Prokaryotes are the principal agents in bioremediation
Uses in technology
Prokaryotes are the principal agents in bioremediation
The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
Figure 27.17
Digest petroleum

29. Bacteria adapted to extreme environments
May be a rich source of heat-stable enzymes.
Can be used
In medicine
Food production
And industrial chemistry

30. Some bacteria are pathogens
A pathogen is a disease-causing agent

31. How can bacteria cause disease?
Some damage the tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking them down for food.
For example, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis break down lung tissue
Others release toxins that harm the body

32. Bacterial diseases. Prokaryotes cause about half of all human diseases
Examples
Lyme disease
Tetanus
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Tuberculosis (TB)
Legionnaire's disease
Anthrax
Meningitis
Pertussis
Escherichia coli and Salmonella
Food poisoining
5 most common bacterial diseases seen around the world

33. You Tube 16 worst Bacteria Ever!

34. Controlling bacteria Antibiotics
Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Our life expectancy has increased due to an increased understanding of how to prevent and cure bacterial infections.

35. Antibiotics Cipro Amoxicillin Z pack
Some inhibit the enzymes that allow DNA replication
Some inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall
Some inhibit protein synthesis
Cipro
Amoxicillin
Z pack

36. Vaccinations - Usually a shot that contains some of the bacteria to build up ones immunity
Examples
Children and Teens
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Diphtheria
Flu (Influenza)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hib
Measles
Mumps
Polio
Pneumococcal
Rotavirus
Rubella
Tetanus
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Additional forTeens Only
human papillomavirus (HPV)
meningococcal disease

37. Controlling Bacteria
Sterilization – destroying bacteria by subjecting them to either great heat or chemical action

38. Controlling Bacteria - Chemical Action
Antiseptics-kill bacteria on living things.
-alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine
Other (not an antiseptic)
soap, toothpaste, mouthwash
Disinfectants-kill bacteria on non-living things
-Mr. Clean, bleach

39. Controlling Bacteria - Heat Killing
Dry heat
Open flame
Moist heat
Autoclave
15 lb/in2 at 121 degree Celsius
Pasteurization
Heating (kills, does not sterilize)

40. Other means of Controlling Bacteria
Refrigeration/Freezing
Drying
Freeze drying
For long term storage
All these examples inhibit bacterial growth

41. Controlling Bacteria - Change the pH
Usually when dealing with food
More acidic
Mustard, and tomato products have a higher acid content and therefore, help prevent bacterial growth.

42. Other means of controlling bacteria
Radiation
UV light
Filtration

43. Used in the production of a variety of foods
Human Uses of Bacteria
Used in the production of a variety of foods
Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream.
Pickles, sauerkraut

44. Human uses of bacteria (they’re not all bad)
Experiments using prokaryotes
Have led to important advances in DNA technology

45. Human Uses Experiments using prokaryotes
Have led to important advances in DNA technology
Genetic Engineering
Ex. Cloning
Used in industry
Oil eating bacteria

46. Prokaryotes are also major tools in
Useful
Prokaryotes are also major tools in
Mining
The synthesis of vitamins
Production of antibiotics, hormones, and other products
Poor quality copper ore, which is bound up in a sulfide matrix, is dumped outside a mine and treated with sulfuric acid to encourage the growth of T. ferooxidans. As the bacteria chew up the ore, copper is released and collected in solution. The sulfuric acid is recycled.
Microbes may be used to elaborate precursors in the making of Vitamins A, C, and the B family. Using sugarbeet molasses as a growth medium, Pseudomonas denitrificans is made to produce Vitamin B12. Members of the genus Propionibacterium are also used to make this vitamin.

47. Useful Bacteria Used in sewage treatment
Live in the intestine of animals
Help digest food.
Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a symbiotic relationship.[3] Though people can survive without gut flora,[4] the microorganisms perform a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system, preventing growth of harmful, pathogenic bacteria,[2] regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats.
Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon[7] and up to 60% of the dry mass of feces.[2] Somewhere between 300[2] and 1000 different species live in the gut,[3] with most estimates at about 500.[4][5][8] However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species.[9