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Chapter 3: Networking Topologies, Connectors and Wiring Standards
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2. Chapter 3: Objectives 1.0 Network architecture
1.5 Install and properly terminate various cable types and connectors using appropriate tools
• Copper connectors
o RJ-11
o RJ-45
o RJ-48C
o DB-9/RS-232
o DB-25
o UTP coupler
o BNC coupler
o BNC
o F-connector
o 110 block
o 66 block 2

3. Chapter 3: Objectives • Copper cables o Shielded vs unshielded
o CAT3, CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6, CAT6a
o PVC vs plenum
o RG-59
o RG-6
o Straight-through vs crossover vs rollover
• Fiber connectors
o ST
o SC
o LC
o MTRJ
o FC
o Fiber coupler 3

4. Chapter 3: Objectives • Fiber cables o Single mode o Multimode
o APC vs UPC
• Media converters
o Single mode fiber to Ethernet
o Multimode fiber to Ethernet
o Fiber to coaxial
o Single mode to multimode fiber
4.8 Given a scenario, troubleshoot and resolve common WAN issues
• Customer premise equipment
o Smart jack/NIU
o Demarc
o CSU/DSU
5.0 Industry standards, practices, and network theory
5.4 Given a scenario, deploy the appropriate wired connectivity standard
• Wiring standards
o EIA/TIA 568A/568B 4

5. Physical Media
Let’s take a look at the three types of popular cables used in modern networking designs:
Coaxial
Twisted pair
Fiber optic 5

6. Coax
Coaxial cable, referred to as coax, contains a center conductor made of copper that’s surrounded by a plastic jacket with a braided shield over it.
A plastic such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC, commonly known as Teflon) covers this metal shield.
The Teflon-type covering is frequently referred to as a plenum-rated coating, and it’s often mandated by local or municipal fire code when cable is hidden in walls and ceilings. 6

7. Thinnet Coax 7

8. BNC Connectors 8

9. Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-pair cable consists of multiple individually insulated wires that are twisted together in pairs.
Sometimes a metallic shield is placed around them; hence the name shielded twisted-pair (STP).
Cable without outer shielding is called unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), and it’s used in twisted-pair Ethernet (10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000Base-TX) networks.
So why are the wires in this cable type twisted? Because when electromagnetic signals are conducted on copper wires in close proximity—like inside a cable—it causes interference called crosstalk. Twisting two wires together as a pair minimizes interference and even protects against interference from outside sources. 9

10. Unshielded Twisted-pair
This cable type is the most common today for the following reasons:
It’s cheaper than other types of cabling.
It’s easy to work with.
It allows transmission rates that were impossible 10 years ago.
UTP cable is rated in these categories:
Cat1
Cat2
Cat3
Cat4
Cat5
Cat5e
cat6 10

11. Cat 5e UTP Cable 11

12. RJ Connectors 12

13. Chapter 3
The pin-outs in an RJ-45 connector Figure 3.5

14. Fiber Optic
Because fiber-optic cable transmits digital signals using light impulses rather than electricity, it’s immune to EMI and RFI.
The cable itself comes in either single-mode fiber (SMF) or multimode fiber (MMF); the difference between them is in the number of light rays (the number of signals) they can carry. Multimode fiber is most often used for shorter-distance applications and single-mode fiber for spanning longer distances. 14

15. Fiber Optic
Although fiber-optic cable may sound like the solution to many problems, it has pros and cons just like the other cable types.
Here are the pros:
Is completely immune to EMI and RFI
Can transmit up to 40 kilometers (about 25 miles)
And here are the cons:
Is difficult to install
Is more expensive then twisted-pair
Troubleshooting equipment is more expensive then twisted-pair test equipment
Is harder to troubleshoot 15

16. Figure 3.6
Ultra-polish connector

17. Figure 3.7
Angled polish connector

18. ST Connector Examples
Straight-tip – Standard, widely used (Stick and twist) – BNC connector “latched”
FC – field assembly connector - Ferrule Connector, Not common “false” common. Look like ST connectors 18

19. SC Connector Examples
Subscriber (square) connector - Standard Common – single and multimode – “Stick and click” 19

20. MT-RJ and LC Fiber Connectors
Small form factor (SFF) allow for more Fiber optic termination in the same amount of space
Mechanical transfer registered jack (MT-RJ MTRJ) first SFF widely used looks similar to the RJ-45 style – transmit and receive in one
Local connector (LC) Little connector transmit and receive in one, ceramic insert 20

21. Media Converters Convert from one media type to another
single-mode fiber to Ethernet
multimode fiber to ethernt

22. Media Converters (Cont.)
Converts digital signals from Fiber to coaxial
Or from single-mode to multimode

23. Chapter 3 An RS-232 cable end Figure 3.16
Used for serial data signals connecting the DTE and DCE – cables connect to connectors called DB-9
Been replaced with USB, Thunderbolt, firewire

24. Universal Serial Bus
USB – built in to every laptop. Can use external hubs to add more ports, maximum of 127 external devices

25. Cable Properties Transmission Speeds Distance Duplex
Noise Immunity (Security, EMI)
Frequency
Different types of cables for each set of properties
Ideal Speeds of 10Gbps at core, 100Mbps access computers – going up due to higher traffic demands
Distance vary with different media types, all technologies prone to attenuation – degradation of signal ie: twisted-pair max of 328 feet (100 meters)
Either half of full duplex – talk and listen at the same time
Magnetic current – transmits in 0s and 1s, can read messages “tapping” – security concern – STP shielded. Best way is to use fiber – light, no EMI (electromagnetic interference)
Different frequency cable types. CAT 5e at 100MHz max at 1Gbps short distance. CAT 6 at 250MHz at 1Gbps at longer distance.

26. Wiring Standards
There are different types of Ethernet wiring standards available:
Straight-through cable (568A)
Crossover cable (568B)
Rolled cable (rollover)
Hardware loopback
4 pairs of wires twisted together to prevent- crosstalk, EMI, and tapping
Two standards agreed by various vendors 26

27. Chapter 3
568A wired standard Figure 3.19

28. Chapter 3
568B wired standard Figure 3.20

29. Straight-through Ethernet Cable1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1,2,3 and 6 only need for straight-through
For 10/100 Ethernet only
Not for 1000Mbps Ethernet, voice, token ring, ISDN, etc 29

30. Crossover Cable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Connect Like devices together:
switch to switch
hub to hub
host to host
hub to switch
router direct to host
Used only in Ethernet UTP installs
Match this:
straight through = 568A+568A or 568B+568B
Crossover = 568A +568B 30

31. Chapter 3 An inexpensive cable tester Figure 3.23
Tells you what kind of cable you have

32. Gigabit crossover cable Figure 3.24
Requires all four cable pairs, every cable pair transmits simultaneously

33. Rollover/Rolled Cable
Not used to connect Ethernet
Used to connect hosts EIA-TIA 232 serial interface to routers console serial communication (COM) port 33

34. Serial Cables

35. T1 Crossover Cable 35 T1 crossover cable T568B
Used to connect to a CSU/DSU for internet connection.
Swap pins 1,2,4,5 to 4,5,1,2 35

36. c03uf001.eps
Switch
Switch ?
What does it need - crossover

37. c03uf002.eps
Router
Console
Straight-through
Crossover
Rolled cable

38. Installing Wiring Distributions
MDF/IDF
25 Pair
110 Block
Demarc/Demarc Extension
Smart Jack
Main distribution frame
Reference point
WAN termination point
Intermediate distribution frame
flexibility for distribution of communications throughout the building
25 pair
25 individual pairs of wires in one common isolating jacket, used for telephone cabling
Block
Replaced telephone wire installations, used in computer networking – one side punched down, other side RJ-11 or RJ-45
Demarcation – located at MDF, last point of service for provider. Usually RJ-45, router to WAN
Demarc extension – extra cable copper or fiber from demark to office
Smartjack – network interface device (NID) or network interface unit) owned by PSTN. Used to test from provider to demark by setting up a loop on the NID. 38

39. Figure 3.27: 110 block

40. Summary Summary Exam Essentials Section Written Labs Review Questions40