1. Energy and its transfer controls the Universe and Earth’s systems.
It’s all about energy.
Energy and its transfer controls the Universe and Earth’s systems.

2. The ability to do work or produce heat
Energy
The ability to do work or produce heat

3. Sources of Energy
Electromagnetic – Energy from the electromagnetic spectrum
Chemical – Energy released during a chemical reaction.
Nuclear – Energy released during fission or fusion

4. Electromagnetic Energy
Energy that radiates from the sun.
Electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) arranged by wavelength.
All EM waves travel at the speed of light.
Only difference between EM waves is wavelength.

5. Wavelength is the distance crest to crest of a wave.

6. Frequency is the number of crests that pass a given point in 1 second, (Hertz)

7. Chemical Energy
Energy released during a chemical reaction.
Burning

8. Nuclear Fusion Atoms fuse together to form a larger atom.
Results in a release of energy.
Sun
Hydrogen atoms fuse together to form a helium atom.

9. Nuclear Fission
The splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two smaller nuclei.
Results in a release of energy.
Earth’s core
Atoms decay creating heat.

10. It’s Fairly Simple Earth has two sources of energy:
Radioactive decay in the core (fission) - Internal
Fusion in the sun radiates to the Earth in the form of electromagnetic energy - External
Both sources of energy are nuclear.

11. States of Energy
Potential – Stored energy – gasoline, snow pack, reservoir.
Kinetic – The energy of motion – flowing water, waves, landslides, thunderstorm.

12. Thermal Energy
Heat is thermal energy transferring from one substance to another.
Differences in temperature cause the transfer.
Matter does NOT contain heat.
Matter contains thermal energy.

13. Thermal Energy (cont.) Heat is thermal energy in transit.
After heat is transferred, it ceases to be heat and becomes thermal energy again.

14. Transfer of Energy Three ways to transfer energy 1
Conduction – the movement of heat (energy) in solids by its contact with a hotter object.
– slow process (core-mantle)

15. Transfer of Energy 2
Convection – the movement of heat by currents in liquids & gases because of temperature and density differences.
- Fast process (air, upper mantle)

16. Transfer of Energy 3
Radiation – the transfer of heat in gases or a vacuum in the form of waves.
Hot objects radiate heat.
Very fast process (infrared, ultraviolet waves)

17. The Laws of Energy
1. Conservation
2. Thermodynamics

18. Law of Conservation
Energy is neither created nor destroyed it simply changes form and moves from place to place.

19. 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Amount of energy going into a system has to equal the amount work, heat and by-products coming out of a system. (i.e. heat, sound, motion, light)
The conversion is not 100% efficient.
grass for cows
gas for cars

20. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Heat flows from warmer to colder objects.
You cannot increase the amount of energy and order at the same time (Entropy).
Think of order as the motion of atoms.

21. 3rd Law of Thermodynamics
Absolute zero equals absolute order.
At absolute zero (-275oC, -455oF) everything freezes and atoms cease to move.
No system can reach absolute zero.

22. So What

23. Energy drives Earth’s systems
Nuclear reactions produce energy in the sun which radiates and warms the Earth’s atmosphere and heats the surface. (External Energy)
Convection currents drive global air circulation, weather systems, and ocean currents.
Nuclear reactions also supply the heat energy to drive plate tectonics resulting in volcanoes and earthquakes. (Internal Energy)
Conduction between mantle and core brings heat to the upper mantle and convection currents drive plate tectonics.

24. End Part 1

25. External & Internal Energy Questions (restate the question in the answer. For example: Temperature is …. )
Earth’s External Heat
Read pg (red text)
Answer questions 1-2 all
Earth’s Internal Heat
Read pg (red text)
Answer questions 1-3 all

26. The Energy Cycle

27. Here’s How It Works! Energy In Energy Out Pressure increases
Atoms move faster and get farther apart
Volume decreases
Temperature increases
Density increases
Density decreases
Temperature decreases
Volume increases
Atoms move slower and get closer together
Pressure Decreases
Energy Out

28. Atoms
Become excited as the added energy causes electrons to jump up an energy level
They move faster and farther apart.

29. Temperature Is the measure of how fast atoms are moving.
The more energy into the system the faster the atoms will move and the higher the temperature.

30. Density Is the measure of the number of atoms in a given area.
The faster the atoms move and the farther apart they get the fewer there will be in the same area.

31. Volume Is the space a set number of atoms occupy.
The farther apart the atoms are the more space they take up.

32. Pressure
Is the measure of how many atoms are pushing on a given space.
The fewer the atoms on a given space the lower the pressure.

33. A Note on Pressure
Pressure will decrease as long as the atoms are able to move freely.
If the atoms are contained the pressure will increase as they try to spread out.
Think of a tea kettle and a pot of boiling water.
Increased pressure
Decreased pressure

34. Energy Out
As the energized atoms come into contact with less energized atoms they transfer some of their energy to make the other atoms the same temperature.
Conduction !

35. Equilibrium / Homeostasis
Nature wants everything to be equal and balanced.
If hot and cold water are put together what happens?
The energy is spread equally until the temperature is the same throughout.
Open a bottle of perfume. Does the fragrance stay in the bottle or diffuse?

36. Energy out
As the energized atoms come into contact with the less energized atoms they lose some of their energy. (conduction)
This makes the other atoms the same temperature.
Equilibrium is reached.

37. Atoms Atoms slow down and get closer together. The temperature drops.
The density increases.
The volume decreases.
The pressure increases.

38. ENERGY & IT’S TRANSFER DRIVES THE EARTH SYSTEMS
OCEAN CURRENTS
PLATE TECTONICS
WEATHER SYSTEMS
RADIOACTIVE DECAY

39. Coaster Creator Activity
Coaster Creator Web Site
Break up into Groups (groups of 4)
Discuss how to use Potential and Kinetic Energy to create a Roller coaster that balances (finds equilibrium) the energy that is stored and released during the ride.
Sketch your Rollercoaster using ramps, loops, # of cars and briefly design.

40. Energy Questions.
What is electromagnetic energy? Where does it come from? How does it travel?
How does energy from the sun affect the water cycle?
Explain how a molecule of water from the ocean can end up as precipitation in the mountains.
Draw the energy diagram. Then explain how each factor works.
Describe in detail exactly what causes warmer gasses and liquids to rise, and cooler gasses and liquids to fall. What Kind of energy transfer is this?
Explain what equilibrium is and then give an example of it found in nature.

41. External & Internal Energy Questions
Earth’s External Heat
Read pg (red text)
Answer questions 1-2
Earth’s Internal Heat
Read pg (red text)
Answer questions 1-3

42. THE END