1. THE ITALIC LANGUAGE FAMILY

2. THREE MEMBERS OF THE ITALIC BRANCH
Osco-Umbrian (with South Picene)
Oscan was the most widely spoken group of dialects of the Apennine Peninsula before Latin spread out.
Umbrian was closely related to Oscan.
South Picene was also closely related, spoken in the 5th and 6th centuries.
Venetic
From the territory of the Veneti (between the Po River, Carnic Alps and Istria).

3. THREE MEMBERS OF THE ITALIC BRANCH
Latin (Including Faliscan)
Faliscan appears in the area of Falerii, in central Italy
Latin is the language of the city of Latium and of Rome. Also dated around the 6th century. This is the language that emerged as the dominant language of Italy. By 100 CE, Latin had eroded all the other dialects previously mentioned.
Oscan
Umbrian
South Picene
Faliscan
Venetic

4. Latin originates in the area of Latium and Rome
Latin spreads across Italy

5. From Italy, Latin expanded with the Roman empire into…
Most of Europe
North Africa
Parts of the Middle East

6. ITALIC TO LATIN
Romance Languages
Rumanian
Romansh

8. Influence on English
In the following slide, you will see an example of how Latin and French influences have vastly integrated themselves into English, though English is NOT in the Italic Family.

9. English
French
Italian
Spanish
Portuguese
zero
zéro
cero
one un
uno
um / uma
two
deux
due
dos
dois / duas
three
trois
tre
tres
três
four
quatre
quattro
cuatro
quatro
five
cinq
cinque
cinco

11. Italic Languages Represented
European Portuguese: Ana M Encarnação Brazilian Portuguese: Taryn Szpilman Catalan: Gisela Romanian: Dalma Kovács Italian: Serena Autieri Latin Spanish: Carmen Sarahí French: Anaïs Delva European Spanish: Gisela

12. Examples of Latin-based languages

13. SPANISH
Due to colonization, the Spanish language is spoken by more than 442 million people in Spain, the Americas, Australia, and Africa.
The earliest written materials in Spanish date from the 10th century.
Changes from the Latin Vulgate to Old Spanish:
Latin f followed by a vowel at the beginning of a word changed to h, so Latin filum became Spanish hilo, and ferrum became hierro.
Voiceless stops p,k, and g changed to voiced stops b, d, and g, so focum became fuego and auditum became oido
Double consonants simplified to singles, so vacca became vaca and cattus became gato
Final r moved inside the word, so semper became siempre and inter became entre.

14. SPANISH
In the year 711, the Muslim invasion of Spain begun and thus the influence of Arabic began to become evident in the Spanish language.
Arab words in Spanish share certain traits: most are nouns and place names, very few are adjectives or verbs.
Spanish picked up many word pairs ( one from the original Latin root and one from the Arabic), therefore the words aceituna and oliva both mean olive, alacrán and escorpión mean scorpion, etc.
Many legal terms brought from the Muslim culture to Spain have gained permanence in the language, as well as commercial and agricultural words (est. 4,000 words or more)

15. Catalan 9.5 million speakers
Mainly spoken in Andorra, Southern France, NE Spain, and the Balearic Islands
Descendant of Occitan

16. Catalan Language of instruction in many schools
Widespread in media and government use
First appeared as a distinct language about 11th century
7 vowels
Catalan lacks the rising dipthongs that are present in Spanish (ie in pie) but instead has falling dipthongs (eu in peu)
There are two dialects, which are mutually intelligible:
Occidental
Oriental

17. ROMANSH
A Romance language of the Rhaetian group spoken in northern Italy and Switzerland, primarily in the Rhine Valley in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
Since 1938 Romansh has been a “national” language of Switzerland and in 1996 was accorded semiofficial status.
Romansh has two main dialects: Sursilvan and Sutsilvan. The earliest written material in Romansh is a Sursilvan text dating from the early 12th century.
It is mainly considered a “local” or “social” language

19. RUMANIAN
Rumanian originally was connected with the rest of the Romance languages through Dalmatian.
Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian disappeared sometime in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century.
Rumanian was eventually replaced by varieties of Slavic and Italian.
The last native Rumanian speaker died in 1898.

20. ROMANIAN
This Romance language is primarily spoken in Romania and Moldova.
Four main dialects:
Daco-Romanian
Aromanian
Megleno-Romanian
Istro-Romanian

21. ROMANIAN The first known text in Daco-Romanian has been dated to 1521
Romanian phonology and grammar have developed differently than most other Romance languages due to its contact with Slavic language families.
Maintains distinction between long o and short u
Has lost the Latin distinction between long e and short I
Consonant clusters tend to replace velar k and g with labial consonants like p, b, or m (thus Latin ŏcto becomes Romanian opt)
Romanian vocabulary is still primarily based on Latin, however many loanwords have emerged from Slavic, Turkish, Hungarian, and Albanian.

22. Italian Spoken by 64 million in a total of 29 countries
National language in Italy, San Marino, Vatican City, Switzerland, Croatia, and Slovenia

23. Italian 7 vowels h is always silent
c is pronounced [ch] if followed by a vowel (ciao)
In the 1700s, the French invaded Italy. French influenced the region and Italian borrowed many words in addition to favoring the SVO pattern of the French over the word order variations present in Latin
Many words are borrowed from French, German, Greek, and English in present day Italian

24. LANGUAGES OF COLONIALIZATION

25. Portuguese The Iberian Peninsula was originally settled by a Celtic
tribe. However, ancient Romans arrived to the region in
218 BC and brought trade to the area with Latin and its culture
In 711, the Moors invaded from Africa and added their Arabic influence to Portuguese (~900 words)
Spoken by 240 million people
The major spread was by conquest and colonization: Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde, etc
K, W, and Y are only in foreign loanwords

26. French 66 million speak French as their L1; 200 million total
22 countries use French as a main language
France was previously occupied by a Celtic tribe, but the Romans brought the Latin language around 55 BC, and these linguistic features eventually overtook the Celtic
War and trade brought many other languages into contact with French, which led to lexical and phonological influences
Modern French has been spoken and written since the 1600s
French is notorious for silent letters

27. REFERENCES http://www.britannica.com/topic/Romansh-language
Tcj4&index=3

28. REFERENCES
language.html

29. REFERENCES

30. REFERENCES
Hock, Hans H, and Brian D Joseph. Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. 2nd ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, Print. Pages 44, 45, 46, 61.
Jonathan, Slocum. “Indo-European Languages: Evolution and Locale Maps.” Linguistic Research Center of UT Austin. Hans C Boas, 13 May Web. 31 Aug
Jonathan, Slocum, and Vijay John. “Indo-European Languages: Italic Family.” Linguistic Research Center of UT Austin. Hans C Boas, Web. 31 Aug
Poulter, V. L. An Introduction to Old Spanish. Peter Lang Publishing: New York Web. Pages
Untermann, Jürgen. “Italic Languages.” Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., Web. 31 Aug