1. Animal Products: Non-Food – Fibers
Prepared for:
ADVS 1110
Introduction to Animal Science

2. Integumentary System
Integumentary System – is an organ system that protects the body, comprising:
Skin
Hair and/or Wool and/or Fur
Scales
Nails or Hooves
Horns

3. Integumentary System
The integumentary system has a variety of functions in animals:
Waterproof
Cushion
Protect deeper tissues
Excrete wastes
Regulate body temperature
Location of sensory receptors for pain, pressure and temperature (heat or cold).

4. Integumentary System
Integumentary is derived from the latin word integumentum, meaning ‘a covering’.

5. Cross-section of Animal Skin

6. Body Covering for Common Mammals
Animal
Body Covering
Cattle
Hair
Pigs
Horses
Dairy Goats
Sheep
Wool
Hair Sheep
Mink
Fur
Non-Angora Rabbits

7. Body Covering for Common Mammals
Animal
Body Covering
Angora Rabbits
Fur and/or Wool
Angora Goats
Mohair
Cashmere Goats
Cashmere
Llamas
Hair (wool)
Alpaca
Alpaca (wool)
Musk Ox
Quivet

8. Skin Terminology of Domestic Animals
Skins of Animals:
Hides (cattle)
Pelts (sheep)
Tanning – process of curing skin chemically to make “Leather”.
To make “Leather” hair must be removed.

9. Skin Terminology of Domestic Animals
Fellmonger –
process of removing hair and/or wool from hides and pelts.
Depilatory Process –
the process of painting a chemical solution on the skin-side of the pelts or skins that have not had the hair or wool yet removed.
About 24 hours after painting with depilatory, the hair can be removed from the epidermis and follicle, relatively easily.
Process is very important for the tanning and manufacturing of “Leather”.

10. Value of Hides Reduced by:
Brands- Hot Iron more damaging than freeze brands.
Nicking the hide during the skinning process
Warbles (larvae of heel flies)
Waddles

11. Legal brand locations
Freeze Brand-White hair

12. Waddles

13. Value of Hides Reduced by:
Outgrowths of grasses in the production of seeds (called awns and/or beards) which can penetrate the skin, both epidermal and mucosal. Exp. ‘foxtail barley’, ‘cheatgrass’, ‘bearded barley’, ‘burrs’, etc.
External parasites, i.e. ticks, mites, keds, lice, etc.

14. Sheep Skin Cross-Section

15. Raw Fleece

16. Crimp

17. Types of Fiber Found on Sheep
True Wool
Medullated
Kemp

18. Types of Fiber Found on Sheep
True Wool:
Desirable
Solid
Strong
Elastic
Dyes evenly
Continuous growth
Secondary follicle

19. Types of Fiber Found on Sheep
Medullated:
Undesirable
Hollow
Brittle
Less elastic
Dyes lighter
Continuous growth
Primary follicle

20. Types of Fiber Found on Sheep
Kemp:
Undesirable
Hollow
Brittle
Pointed ends
Dyes unevenly
Sheds in fleece
Primary follicle

21. Wool Fiber Anatomy & Type

22. Effects of Feed (nutritional) and Stress (physiological) on the Diameter and Strength of Wool Fiber

23. Wool Microphotograph

24. Wool Scales

25. “Wool Pets”

26. Factors Affecting the Value of Wool and Mohair:
Fineness (fiber diameter and/or grade)
Length of staple
Clean fiber yield (opposite is shrink)
Uniformity of fiber
Crimp (degree of waviness)
Black fiber contamination
Polypropylene contamination
Non-scourable paint brands

27. Woolen & Worsted Process

28. Woolen & Worsted Process

29. Woolen & Worsted Process

30. Wool Top – Super-fine Merino

31. Woolen & Worsted Process

32. Wool: Woolen vs. Worsted Manufacturing Process

33. Hand Processing Wool

34. Wool and Mohair Utilization
Carpets - 30%
Felt – 1%
Apparel – 69%
A. Knitted Goods
B. Woven Fabrics
Blankets
Upholstery
Drapery
Men & Boys Wear
Women & Girls Wear

35. Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles

36. Various Animal Fibers

37. Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles
Description
Producing Countries
Fineness (µ)
Length (in)
Mohair
Turkey
South Africa
25 – 45
7 – 10
Cashmere
Kashmir
Tibet
China
12 – 17
1 – 3
Camel Hair
Mongolia
16 – 25
1.5 – 2.0 (fine)
Alpaca
Peru
Bolivia
27 – 45
8 – 9
Vicuna 13
1 – 2
Llama
30 – 60
5 – 10

38. Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles
Description
Producing Countries
Fineness (µ)
Length (in)
Angora Rabbit
Europe
Asia 13
1.5 – 5.0
Quivet
(Musk Ox)
Alaska
9 – 17
1.0 – 2.5
Wool
Australia
16 – 35
2.5 – 4.5
New Zealand
19 – 50
2.75 – 9.0

39. Alpaca Raw Fiber

40. Here’s Looking at You!

41. A Wool Home in Mongolia (Yurt)

42. Out of Kilter!

44. Animals are Awesome!

45. QUESTIONS?