1. Basic Structure of a Cell
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2. Review Facts About Living Things
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3. What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms?
Made of CELLS
Require ENERGY (food)
REPRODUCE (species)
Maintain HOMEOSTASIS (balance)
ORGANIZED (internal systems)
RESPOND to stimulus
GROW and DEVELOP
EVOLVES and adapts to its environment
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4. History of the Cell Theory
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5. History of Cells & the Cell Theory
Cell Specialization
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First to View Cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls)
What he saw looked like small boxes
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First to View Cells
Hooke is responsible for naming cells
Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things)
Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth
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9. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells
Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory
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10. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells
Schwann also cofounded the cell theory
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11. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing
He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
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CELL THEORY
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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Cell Size and Types
Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope
Three Basic types of cells include:
Bacterial Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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14. Which Cell Type is Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell
Animal cell
bacteria
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15. Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
CELL SIZE
Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
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Number of Cells
Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be:
Unicellular – composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.
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17. Specialized Animal Cells
Muscle cells
Red blood cells
Cheek cells
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18. Specialized Plant cells
Pollen
Xylem cells
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19. Simple or Complex Cells
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22. Prokaryotes – The first Cells Means “before nucleus”
PRO NO, PRO NO, PRO NO
No Nucleus
Cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Includes Bacteria and Archaebacterial
Simplest type of cell
Single, circular DNA
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Prokaryotes
Region in the center contains the DNA
Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall
Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins
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24. Eukaryotes means “true nucleus”
EU DO, YOU DO
Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Includes protists,fungi, plants, and animals
More complex type of cells
Evolved from Prokaryotes
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with membrane bound organelles
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26. Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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Types of Cells
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Animal
Bacteria
Plant
Write into your notes
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STOP
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Organelles
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Organelles
Very small (Microscopic)
Perform various functions for a cell
Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound
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31. Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
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Plant Cell Organelles
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Cell Wall
Cell wall
Very tough outer layer
Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
Made of cellulose in plants
Made of chitin in Fungi
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34. LIKE A WALL THAT SURROUNDS A CITY
Cell Wall
Supports and protects cell
Found outside of the cell membrane
LIKE A WALL THAT SURROUNDS A CITY
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35. Cell or Plasma Membrane
Surrounds outside of ALL cells (plant, animal & bacteria)
Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Provides protection and support
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
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36. Cell or plasma membrane
It is like a border of a city. It is very selective (it inly allows certain thing inside)!
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Nucleus
Controls the activities of the cell
Contains the DNA in chromosomes
Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
Usually the largest organelle
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More on the Nucleus
Nucleus
Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics
Found in both plants and animal cells
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What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditary material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins
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Nucleus
It is like the mayor of the city. He knows and controls what happens in the city.
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Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Supports and protects the organelles
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More on Cytoplasm
cytoplasm
Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Found in ALL cells (plant, animal & bacteria)
Like sidewalks found in the city.
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Golgi Bodies
Stacks of flattened sacs
Processes and packages molecules, like lipids and proteins made by the cell
Found in both plant and animal cells
CIS
TRANS
Transport vesicle
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Golgi Bodies
Looks like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & package
Molecules for storage OR transport out of cell.
Like the UPS of the city!
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Golgi Animation ER
Golgi Body
Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES
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46. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Found in both plant and animal cells
Network of tubes
Transport materials throughout the cell
Two types
Smooth (no ribosome)
Rough (covered with ribosomes)
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Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)
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48. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Like the highways in a city!
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Ribosomes
Found in ALL cell types
“Protein factories” for cell
Join amino acids to make proteins
Amino Acid
Protein 
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50. Can be attached to Rough ER Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Can be attached to Rough ER OR
Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
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Ribosomes
Like a iPhone factory in the city!
Takes a bunch of small parts and makes a final useful product.
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52. Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria)
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Generate cellular energy (ATP)
More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria (need more energy)
Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
Breaks down Glucose to release usable energy
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MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Has its own DNA (It comes from your mom)
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical
Reactions)
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54. What do mitochondria do?
“Power plant” of the cell
Burns glucose to
release energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
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55. Like a Power plant in the city!
Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion ( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Like a Power plant in the city!
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Vacuoles
Fluid filled sacks
Animal Cells: Small or absent
Plant cells: have a very large Central Vacuole
Bacterial cells: No vacuoles
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Vacuoles
Used for storage: food, water or waste
Like warehouses, water towers or garbage dumps in the city!
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Lysosomes
Found in animal cells only
Contain digestive enzymes
Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells
Also helps destroy the cell when it is old and dying
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Lysosome Digestion
Cells take in food by phagocytosis
Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes
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60. Like a recycling center in the city!
Lysosomes
Like a recycling center in the city!
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Chloroplasts
Found only in producers (plants and some organisms that make energy from sunlight)
Oval-shaped
Green in color due to chlorophyll (this is where plants get their green color)
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Chloroplasts
Contains its own DNA
Never in animal or bacterial cells
Photosynthesis – food making process
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Chloroplasts
It’s like solar panels on a building in the city.
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Centrioles
Found only in animal cells
Paired structures near nucleus
Aide when it is time for the cell to divide (make copies of itself)
Like kids playing Tug-o-War in the city
Journey into the cell video
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