1. Basic Structure of a Cell
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2. What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms?
Made of CELLS
Require ENERGY (food)
REPRODUCE (species)
Maintain HOMEOSTASIS
ORGANIZED
RESPOND to environment
GROW and DEVELOP
EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
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3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Nonliving Levels:
ATOM (element)
MOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins)
ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …)
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4. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
TISSUE (cells working together)
ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …)
ORGANISM
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5. History of Cells & the Cell Theory
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First to View Cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls)
What he saw looked like small boxes
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First to View Cells
Hooke is responsible for naming cells
Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view an organism (living thing)
Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth
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9. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells
Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory
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10. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells
Schwann also cofounded the cell theory
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11. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing
He reasoned that all cells come from other pre- existing cells by cell division
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CELL THEORY
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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Cell Size and Types
Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope
Three Basic types of cells include:
Bacterial Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
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Number of Cells
Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be:
Unicellular – composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.
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15. Which Cell Type is Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell
Animal cell
bacteria
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How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?
1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns
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17. Cell Organelles
Use this presentation in conjunction with the Cell Organelle note-taking worksheet. Run through the entire presentation before using it in class so that you know what’s coming next! It helps to print the outline and notes to have with you while presenting so that there are no surprises. –JessB.org

18. Two cell types Prokaryotes (Prokaryotic Cells)
Let’s Review!
Two cell types
Prokaryotes (Prokaryotic Cells)
Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic Cells)

20. Prokaryotes - Bacteria
No Nucleus
No Membrane bound organelles.

21. Eukaryotes
Have a nucleus
Have membrane bound organelles
Nucleus

22. Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Both cells function similarly

23. Cell Organelles Organelle = “little organs”
Specialized structures that perform specific jobs in the cell
Found only in eukaryotic cells
Many are “membrane-bound” (a membrane surrounds the organelle)
Cytosol: watery matrix that organelles float in
Cytoplasm: Everything in a cell except the nucleus
You may or may not wish to distinguish between cytosol and cytoplasm. The correct use of each term is shown here. Most high school textbooks, however, use the word “cytoplasm” to mean “cytosol.”

24. Cell Membrane Surrounds the cell and decides what comes in and out
Semi-permeable: allows nutrients in and waste products out
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Also called Plasma Membrane
Emphasize word parts here:
phospho= phosphate head; lipid= fatty acid tail
bi= 2

25. Factory Part: Found in: Gates or Doors Plant cells Animal cells
Prokaryotic cells

26. Nucleus Control center of the cell Stores DNA (chromosomes)
Surrounded by the nuclear membrane
Pores let material in and out
Also contains the Nucleolus, which makes ribosomes
Cells with more than one nucleus include muscle cells and liver cells, largely because of the massive volume of cytoplasm and number of organelles that need controlling.

27. Factory Part:
Manager’s Office
Found in:
Plant cells
Animal cells

28. That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide?
Ribosome
Smallest organelle
NOT surrounded by a membrane
Makes proteins according to DNA instructions.
Two Types:
Free ribosomes: float free in cytosol
Bound ribosomes: attached to rough ER
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids. In this diagram, you can see the ribosome is making a polypeptide, also known as a protein.
That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide?

29. Factory Part: Found in: Machines Plant cells Animal cells
Prokaryotic cells

30. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport system for materials in cell
Two Types:
Rough ER: covered with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis
Smooth ER: NO ribosomes; it makes hormones & lipids
It’s not necessary that the students can read the labels here; just point out the black dots are ribosomes.

31. Factory Part:
Conveyor Belts
Found in:
Plant cells
Animal cells

32. Golgi Apparatus Delivery system of the cell
Collects, modifies, and packages molecules in the cell
Distributes and transports molecules in vesicles
AKA Golgi Complex. It is not necessary that the students read the labels, this diagram gives them a general idea of the Golgi’s shape.

33. Factory Part: Found in: Post office or Mail Room Plant cells
Animal cells

34. Lysosomes Trash Disposal of the cell
Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste
Students should recognize the shapes of the Golgi and ER even if they cannot read the captions.

35. Factory Part:
Custodians
Found in:
Plant cells
Animal cells

36. Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of the cell Site of cellular respiration
Converts energy stored in food into energy the cell needs – ATP
Explain that this diagram shows the mitochondria cut open to reveal the internal membranes.
Sugar + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

37. Factory Part: Found in: Power Plant / Electrical Room Plant cells
Animal cells