EXCEL TRAINING.

EXCEL TRAINING

EXCEL FORMULAS CALCULATION OPERATORS
Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a formula. Microsoft Excel includes four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text, and reference. Arithmetic operators To perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication; combine numbers; and produce numeric results, use the following arithmetic operators. Arithmetic operator Meaning (Example) + (plus sign) Addition (3+3) – (minus sign) Subtraction (3–1) Negation (–1) * (asterisk) Multiplication (3*3) / (forward slash) Division (3/3) % (percent sign) Percent (20%) ^ (caret) Exponentiation (3^2)

EXCEL FORMULAS COMPARISON OPERATORS
You can compare two values with the following operators. When two values are compared by using these operators, the result is a logical value either TRUE or FALSE. Comparison operator Meaning (Example) = (equal sign) Equal to (A1=B1) > (greater than sign) Greater than (A1>B1) < (less than sign) Less than (A1<B1) >= (greater than or equal to sign) Greater than or equal to (A1>=B1) <= (less than or equal to sign) Less than or equal to (A1<=B1) <> (not equal to sign) Not equal to (A1<>B1)

EXCEL FORMULAS TEXT CONCATENATION and REFERENCE OPERATORS
Text concatenation operator Use the ampersand (&) to join, or concatenate, one or more text strings to produce a single piece of text. Text operator Meaning (Example) & (ampersand) Connects, or concatenates, two values to produce one continuous text value ("North"&"wind") Reference operators Combine ranges of cells for calculations with the following operators. Reference operator Meaning (Example) : (colon) Range operator, which produces one reference to all the cells between two references, including the two references (B5:B15) , (comma) Union operator, which combines multiple references into one reference (SUM(B5:B15,D5:D15)) (space) Intersection operator, which produces on reference to cells common to the two references (B7:D7 C6:C8)

EXCEL FORMULAS CREATING A FORMULA What are Formulas?
are equations that perform calculations on values in your worksheet. A formula always starts with an equal sign (=).. You can create a simple formula by using constants and calculation operators. Simple formulas can include values you enter, cell references, or names you have defined. For example, =A1+A2 or =5+2 are simple formulas that add the values in cells A1 and A2 or the values that you specify. You can also create a formula by using a function . For example, the formulas =SUM(A1:A2) and SUM(A1,A2) both use the SUM function to add the values in cells A1 and A2. In addition to formulas that use a single function, you can create formulas with nested functions or arrays that calculate single or multiple results. constant: A value that is not calculated. For example, the number 210 and the text "Quarterly Earnings" are constants. An expression, or a value resulting from an expression, is not a constant.) operator: A sign or symbol that specifies the type of calculation to perform within an expression. There are mathematical, comparison, logical, and reference operators. function: A prewritten formula that takes a value or values, performs an operation, and returns a value or values. Use functions to simplify and shorten formulas on a worksheet, especially those that perform lengthy or complex calculations.). array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.)

EXCEL FORMULAS PARTS OF FORMULA
Depending on the type of formula that you create, a formula can contain any or all of the following parts: Functions A prewritten formula that takes a value or values, performs an operation, and returns a value or values. Use functions to simplify and shorten formulas on a worksheet, especially those that perform lengthy or complex calculations. A function, such as PI(), starts with an equal sign (=), and you can enter arguments for the function within its parentheses. Each function has a specific argument syntax. Cell references You can refer to data in worksheet cells by including cell references in the formula. For example, the cell reference A2 returns the value of that cell or uses that value in the calculation. Constants You can also enter constants, such as numbers (such as 2) or text values, directly into a formula. Operators Operators are the symbols that are used to specify the type of calculation that you want the formula to perform. There are mathematical, comparison, logical, and reference operators. For example, the ^ (caret) operator raises a number to a power, and the * (asterisk) operator multiplies numbers. constant: A value that is not calculated. For example, the number 210 and the text "Quarterly Earnings" are constants. An expression, or a value resulting from an expression, is not a constant.) operator: A sign or symbol that specifies the type of calculation to perform within an expression. There are mathematical, comparison, logical, and reference operators. function: A prewritten formula that takes a value or values, performs an operation, and returns a value or values. Use functions to simplify and shorten formulas on a worksheet, especially those that perform lengthy or complex calculations.). array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) (argument: The values that a function uses to perform operations or calculations. The type of argument a function uses is specific to the function. Common arguments that are used within functions include numbers, text, cell references, and names.)

EXCEL FORMULAS CELL REFERENCES Cell references Refer to values in A10
the cell in column A and row 10 A10,A20 cell A10 and cell A20 A10:A20 the range of cells in column A and rows 10 through 20 B15:E15 the range of cells in row 15 and columns B through E A10:E20 the range of cells in columns A through E and rows 10 through 20 Cell references can indicate particular cells or cell ranges in columns and rows. Cell references identify individual cells in a worksheet. They tell Excel where to look for values to use in a formula. Excel uses a reference style called A1, which refers to columns with letters and to rows with numbers. The letters and numbers are called row and column headings. The table shows how to refer to cells by using the column letter followed by the row number.

EXCEL FORMULAS CELL REFERENCES
Relative Every relative cell reference in a formula automatically changes when the formula is copied down a column or across a row. Absolute An absolute cell reference is fixed. Absolute references don't change if you copy a formula from one cell to another. Absolute references have dollar signs ($) like this: $D$9. As the art shows, when the formula =C4*$D$9 is copied from row to row, the absolute cell reference remains as $D$9. Mixed A mixed cell reference has either an absolute column and a relative row, or an absolute row and a relative column. For example, $A1 is an absolute reference to column A and a relative reference to row 1. As a mixed reference is copied from one cell to another, the absolute reference stays the same but the relative reference changes. Next you'll see why you'd use an absolute reference.

FUNCTIONS Function: A prewritten formula that takes a value or values, performs an operation, and returns a value or values. Use functions to simplify and shorten formulas on a worksheet, especially those that perform lengthy or complex calculations.

COMMONLY USED FORMULAS
LOGICAL / CONDITIONAL LOOKUP DATE and TIME MATH, STATISTICAL and FINANCIAL TEXT AND DATA COUNTING CONVERSION

LOGICAL / CONDITIONAL FORMULAS

LOGICAL AND CONDITIONAL FORMULA
Testing whether conditions are true or false and making logical comparisons between expressions are common to many tasks Function Description AND Returns TRUE if all of its arguments are TRUE FALSE Returns the logical value FALSE IF Specifies a logical test to perform IFERROR Returns a value you specify if a formula evaluates to an error; otherwise, returns the result of the formula NOT Reverses the logic of its argument OR Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE TRUE Returns the logical value TRUE

IF Function The IF function returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE, and another value if that condition evaluates to FALSE. Syntax IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false]) The IF function syntax has the following arguments logical_test Required. Any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. For example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to FALSE. This argument can use any comparison calculation operator. value_if_true Optional. The value that you want to be returned if the logical_test argument evaluates to TRUE. For example, if the value of this argument is the text string "Within budget" and the logical_test argument evaluates to TRUE, the IF function returns the text "Within budget." If logical_test evaluates to TRUE and the value_if_true argument is omitted (that is, there is only a comma following the logical_test argument), the IF function returns 0 (zero). To display the word TRUE, use the logical value TRUE for the value_if_true argument. value_if_false Optional. The value that you want to be returned if the logical_test argument evaluates to FALSE. For example, if the value of this argument is the text string "Over budget" and the logical_test argument evaluates to FALSE, the IF function returns the text "Over budget." If logical_test evaluates to FALSE and the value_if_false argument is omitted, (that is, there is no comma following the value_if_true argument), the IF function returns the logical value FALSE. If logical_test evaluates to FALSE and the value of the value_if_false argument is omitted (that is, in the IF function, there is no comma following the value_if_true argument), the IF function returns the value 0 (zero). (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

IF Function Example 1 A B C 1 DATA Formula Description (Result) 2 50 =IF(A2<=100,"Within budget","Over budget") If the number above is less than or equal to 100, then the formula displays "Within budget". Otherwise, the function displays "Over budget" (Within budget) Example 2 A B 1 Actual Expenses Predicted Expenses 2 1500 900 3 500 4 925 Formula Description (Result) =IF(B3>C3,"OVER BUDGET","OK") Checks whether the first row is over budget (Over Budget) =IF(B4>C4,"OVER BUDGET","OK") Checks whether the second row is over budget (OK) (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

IF Function Example 3 A 1 Score 2 45 3 90 4 78 Formula Description (Result) =IF(A2>89,"A",IF(A2>79,"B", IF(A2>69,"C",IF(A2>59,"D","F")))) Assigns a letter grade to the first score (F) =IF(A3>89,"A",IF(A3>79,"B", IF(A3>69,"C",IF(A3>59,"D","F")))) Assigns a letter grade to the second score (A) =IF(A4>89,"A",IF(A4>79,"B", IF(A4>69,"C",IF(A4>59,"D","F")))) Assigns a letter grade to the third score (C) (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

AND Function Returns TRUE if all its arguments evaluate to TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more arguments evaluate to FALSE. One common use for the AND function is to expand the usefulness of other functions that perform logical tests. For example, the IF function performs a logical test and then returns one value if the test evaluates to TRUE and another value if the test evaluates to FALSE. By using the AND function as the logical_test argument of the IF function, you can test many different conditions instead of just one The AND function syntax has the following arguments logical1 Required. The first condition that you want to test that can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE. logical2, ... Optional. Additional conditions that you want to test that can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE, up to a maximum of 255 conditions. (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

AND Function A B C 1 Formula Description Result 2 =AND(TRUE, TRUE) All arguments are TRUE TRUE 3 =AND(TRUE, FALSE) One argument is FALSE FALSE 4 =AND(2+2=4, 2+3=5) All arguments evaluate to TRUE (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

AND Function A B C 1 Data 2 50 3 104 4 Formula Description Result 5 =AND(1<A2, A2<100) Displays TRUE if the number in cell A2 is between 1 and 100. Otherwise, it displays FALSE. TRUE 6 =IF(AND(1<A3, A3<100), A3, "The value is out of range.") Displays the number in cell A3, if it is between 1 and 100. Otherwise, it displays the message "The value is out of range." The value is out of range. 7 =IF(AND(1<A2, A2<100), A2, "The value is out of range.") (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

OR Function Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are FALSE. Syntax OR(logical1,logical2,...) Logical1,logical2,... are 1 to 255 conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE. Remarks The arguments must evaluate to logical values such as TRUE or FALSE, or in arrays or references that contain logical values. If an array or reference argument contains text or empty cells, those values are ignored. If the specified range contains no logical values, OR returns the #VALUE! error value. You can use an OR array formula to see if a value occurs in an array. To enter an array formula, press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER. (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

OR Function Formula Description (Result) =OR(TRUE) One argument is TRUE (TRUE) =OR(1+1=1,2+2=5) All arguments evaluate to FALSE (FALSE) =OR(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE) At least one argument is TRUE (TRUE) (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

NESTED FUNCTIONS Nested functions use a function as one of the arguments of another function. You can nest up to 64 levels of functions. The following formula sums a set of numbers (G2:G5) only if the average of another set of numbers (F2:F5) is greater than 50. Otherwise it returns 0. The AVERAGE and SUM functions are nested within the IF function. Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula. To start the formula with the function, click Function Wizard on the formula bar (formula bar: A bar at the top of the Excel window that you use to enter or edit values or formulas in cells or charts. Displays the constant value or formula stored in the active cell.) . Select the function you want to use. You can enter a question that describes what you want to do in the Search for a function box (for example, "add numbers" returns the SUM function), or browse from the categories in the Or Select a category box. Enter the arguments (argument: The values that a function uses to perform operations or calculations. The type of argument a function uses is specific to the function. Common arguments that are used within functions include numbers, text, cell references, and names.). To enter cell references as an argument, click Collapse Dialog next to the argument you want (which temporarily hides the dialog box), select the cells on the worksheet, and then press Expand Dialog . To enter another function as an argument, enter the function in the argument box that you want. For example, you can add SUM(G2:G5) in the Value_if_true edit box of the IF function. The parts of the formula displayed in the Function Arguments dialog box reflect the function that you selected in the previous step. For example, if you clicked IF, Function arguments displays the arguments for the IF function.

Test your Knowledge Test your Knowledge Using if function, populate the data in allotted column (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

LOOKUP and REFERENCE

LOOK UP AND REFERENCE FUNCTIONS
Description ADDRESS Returns a reference as text to a single cell in a worksheet AREAS Returns the number of areas in a reference CHOOSE Chooses a value from a list of values COLUMN Returns the column number of a reference COLUMNS Returns the number of columns in a reference HLOOKUP Looks in the top row of an array and returns the value of the indicated cell HYPERLINK Creates a shortcut or jump that opens a document stored on a network server, an intranet, or the Internet INDEX Uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array INDIRECT Returns a reference indicated by a text value LOOKUP Looks up values in a vector or array MATCH Looks up values in a reference or array OFFSET Returns a reference offset from a given reference ROW Returns the row number of a reference ROWS Returns the number of rows in a reference RTD Automation: A way to work with an application's objects from another application or development tool TRANSPOSE Returns the transpose of an array VLOOKUP Looks in the first column of an array and moves across the row to return the value of a cell

VLOOKUP FUNCTION Description You can use the VLOOKUP function to search of a range. For example, suppose that you have a list of employees contained in the range A2:C10. The employees' ID numbers are stored in the first column of the range, as shown in the following illustration. (range: Two or more cells on a sheet. The cells in a range can be adjacent or nonadjacent.) of cells, and then return a value from any cell on the same row of the range. If you know the employee's ID number, you can use the VLOOKUP function to return either the department or the name of that employee. To obtain the name of employee number 38, you can use the formula =VLOOKUP(38, A2:C10, 3, FALSE). This formula searches for the value 38 in the first column of the range A2:C10, and then returns the value that is contained in the third column of the range and on the same row as the lookup value ("Axel Delgado").

VLOOKUP FUNCTION Syntax VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup]) The VLOOKUP function syntax has the following arguments lookup_value Required. The value to search in the first column of the table or range. The lookup_value argument can be a value or a reference. If the value you supply for the lookup_value argument is smaller than the smallest value in the first column of the table_array argument, VLOOKUP returns the #N/A error value. table_array Required. The range of cells that contains the data. You can use a reference to a range (for example, A2:D8), or a range name. The values in the first column of table_array are the values searched by lookup_value. These values can be text, numbers, or logical values. Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent. col_index_num Required. The column number in the table_array argument from which the matching value must be returned. A col_index_num argument of 1 returns the value in the first column in table_array; a col_index_num of 2 returns the value in the second column in table_array, and so on. If the col_index_num argument is: Less than 1, VLOOKUP returns the #VALUE! error value. Greater than the number of columns in table_array, VLOOKUP returns the #REF! error value. (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

VLOOKUP FUNCTION range_lookup Optional. A logical value that specifies whether you want VLOOKUP to find an exact match or an approximate match: If range_lookup is either TRUE or is omitted, an exact or approximate match is returned. If an exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than lookup_value is returned. Important If range_lookup is either TRUE or is omitted, the values in the first column of table_array must be placed in ascending sort order; otherwise, VLOOKUP might not return the correct value. If range_lookup is FALSE, the values in the first column of table_array do not need to be sorted. If the range_lookup argument is FALSE, VLOOKUP will find only an exact match. If there are two or more values in the first column of table_array that match the lookup_value, the first value found is used. If an exact match is not found, the error value #N/A is returned (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

VLOOKUP FUNCTION SAMPLE 1 This example searches the Density column of an atmospheric properties table to find corresponding values in the Viscosity and Temperature columns. (The values are for air at 0 degrees Celsius at sea level, or 1 atmosphere.) A B C 1 Density Viscosity Temp 2 0.457 3.55 500 3 0.525 3.25 400 4 0.606 2.93 300 5 0.675 2.75 250 6 0.746 2.57 200 7 0.835 2.38 150 8 0.946 2.17 100 9 1.09 1.95 50 10 1.29 1.71 11 Formula Description Result 12 =VLOOKUP(1,A2:C10,2) Using an approximate match, searches for the value 1 in column A, finds the largest value less than or equal to 1 in column A which is 0.946, and then returns the value from column B in the same row. 13 =VLOOKUP(1,A2:C10,3,TRUE) Using an approximate match, searches for the value 1 in column A, finds the largest value less than or equal to 1 in column A, which is 0.946, and then returns the value from column C in the same row. 14 =VLOOKUP(0.7,A2:C10,3,FALSE) Using an exact match, searches for the value 0.7 in column A. Because there is no exact match in column A, an error is returned. #N/A 15 =VLOOKUP(0.1,A2:C10,2,TRUE) Using an approximate match, searches for the value 0.1 in column A. Because 0.1 is less than the smallest value in column A, an error is returned. 16 =VLOOKUP(2,A2:C10,2,TRUE) Using an approximate match, searches for the value 2 in column A, finds the largest value less than or equal to 2 in column A, which is 1.29, and then returns the value from column B in the same row. (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

VLOOKUP FUNCTION SAMPLE 2 This example searches the Item-ID column of a baby products table and matches values in the Cost and Markup columns to calculate prices and test conditions. A B C D 1 Item-ID Item Cost Markup 2 ST-340 Stroller $145.67 30% 3 BI-567 Bib $3.56 40% 4 DI-328 Diapers $21.45 35% 5 WI-989 Wipes $5.12 6 AS-469 Aspirator $2.56 45% 7 Formula Description Result 8 = VLOOKUP("DI-328", A2:D6, 3, FALSE) * (1 + VLOOKUP("DI-328", A2:D6, 4, FALSE)) Calculates the retail price of diapers by adding the markup percentage to the cost. $28.96 9 = (VLOOKUP("WI-989", A2:D6, 3, FALSE) * (1 + VLOOKUP("WI-989", A2:D6, 4, FALSE))) * (1 - 20%) Calculates the sale price of wipes by subtracting a specified discount from the retail price. $5.73 10 = IF(VLOOKUP(A2, A2:D6, 3, FALSE) >= 20, "Markup is " & 100 * VLOOKUP(A2, A2:D6, 4, FALSE) &"%", "Cost is under $20.00") If the cost of an item is greater than or equal to $20.00, displays the string "Markup is nn%"; otherwise, displays the string "Cost is under $20.00". Markup is 30% 11 = IF(VLOOKUP(A3, A2:D6, 3, FALSE) >= 20, "Markup is: " & 100 * VLOOKUP(A3, A2:D6, 4, FALSE) &"%", "Cost is $" & VLOOKUP(A3, A2:D6, 3, FALSE)) (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.):

HLOOKUP FUNCTION HLOOKUP FUNCTION Searches for a value in the top row of a table or an array of values, and then returns a value in the same column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use HLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a row across the top of a table of data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows. Use VLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you want to find. The H in HLOOKUP stands for "Horizontal." (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.)

HLOOKUP FUNCTION Syntax HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup) Lookup_value is the value to be found in the first row of the table. Lookup_value can be a value, a reference, or a text string. Table_array is a table of information in which data is looked up. Use a reference to a range or a range name. The values in the first row of table_array can be text, numbers, or logical values. If range_lookup is TRUE, the values in the first row of table_array must be placed in ascending order: ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,... , A-Z, FALSE, TRUE; otherwise, HLOOKUP may not give the correct value. If range_lookup is FALSE, table_array does not need to be sorted. Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent. Sort the values in ascending order, left to right. Row_index_num is the row number in table_array from which the matching value will be returned. A row_index_num of 1 returns the first row value in table_array, a row_index_num of 2 returns the second row value in table_array, and so on. If row_index_num is less than 1, HLOOKUP returns the #VALUE! error value; if row_index_num is greater than the number of rows on table_array, HLOOKUP returns the #REF! error value. Range_lookup is a logical value that specifies whether you want HLOOKUP to find an exact match or an approximate match. If TRUE or omitted, an approximate match is returned. In other words, if an exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than lookup_value is returned. If FALSE, HLOOKUP will find an exact match. If one is not found, the error value #N/A is returned.

HLOOKUP FUNCTION A B C 1 Axles Bearings Bolts 2 4 9 3 5 7 10 6 8 11 Formula Description (Result) =HLOOKUP("Axles",A1:C4,2,TRUE) Looks up Axles in row 1, and returns the value from row 2 that's in the same column. (4) =HLOOKUP("Bearings",A1:C4,3,FALSE) Looks up Bearings in row 1, and returns the value from row 3 that's in the same column. (7) =HLOOKUP("B",A1:C4,3,TRUE) Looks up B in row 1, and returns the value from row 3 that's in the same column. Because B is not an exact match, the next largest value that is less than B is used: Axles. (5) =HLOOKUP("Bolts",A1:C4,4) Looks up Bolts in row 1, and returns the value from row 4 that's in the same column. (11) =HLOOKUP(3,{1,2,3;"a","b","c";"d","e","f"},2,TRUE) Looks up 3 in the first row of the array constant, and returns the value from row 2 in same column. (c)

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION Description The MATCH function searches for a specified item in a range of cells, and then returns the relative position of that item in the range. For example, if the range A1:A3 contains the values 5, 25, and 38, then the formula =MATCH(25,A1:A3,0) returns the number 2, because 25 is the second item in the range. Syntax MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type]) The MATCH function syntax has the following arguments (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.): lookup_value Required. The value that you want to match in lookup_array. For example, when you look up someone's number in a telephone book, you are using the person's name as the lookup value, but the telephone number is the value you want. The lookup_value argument can be a value (number, text, or logical value) or a cell reference to a number, text, or logical value. lookup_array Required. The range of cells being searched. match_type Optional. The number -1, 0, or 1. The match_type argument specifies how Excel matches lookup_value with values in lookup_array. The default value for this argument is 1. The following table describes how the function finds values based on the setting of the match_type argument.

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION The following table describes how the function finds values based on the setting of the match_type argument. Match_type Behavior 1 or omitted MATCH finds the largest value that is less than or equal to lookup_value. The values in the lookup_array argument must be placed in ascending order, for example: ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., A-Z, FALSE, TRUE. MATCH finds the first value that is exactly equal to lookup_value. The values in the lookup_array argument can be in any order. -1 MATCH finds the smallest value that is greater than or equal to lookup_value. The values in the lookup_array argument must be placed in descending order, for example: TRUE, FALSE, Z-A, ...2, 1, 0, -1, -2, ..., and so on. Notes MATCH returns the position of the matched value within lookup_array, not the value itself. For example, MATCH("b",{"a","b","c"},0) returns 2, which is the relative position of "b" within the array {"a","b","c"}. MATCH does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters when matching text values. If MATCH is unsuccessful in finding a match, it returns the #N/A error value. If match_type is 0 and lookup_value is a text string, you can use the wildcard characters — the question mark (?) and asterisk (*) — in the lookup_value argument. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~) before the character.

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION Match Function A B C 1 Product Count 2 Bananas 25 3 Oranges 38 4 Apples 40 5 Pears 41 6 Formula Description Result 7 =MATCH(39,B2:B5,1) Because there is not an exact match, the position of the next lowest value (38) in the range B2:B5 is returned. 8 =MATCH(41,B2:B5,0) The position of the value 41 in the range B2:B5. 9 =MATCH(40,B2:B5,-1) Returns an error because the values in the range B2:B5 are not in descending order. #N/A

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION INDEX function Returns a value or the reference to a value from within a table or range. There are two forms of the INDEX function: the array form and the reference form. Array form Returns the value of an element in a table or an array selected by the row and column number indexes. Use the array form if the first argument to INDEX is an array constant. INDEX(array, row_num,column_num) Array is a range of cells or an array constant. If array contains only one row or column, the corresponding row_num or column_num argument is optional. If array has more than one row and more than one column, and only row_num or column_num is used, INDEX returns an array of the entire row or column in array. Row_num selects the row in array from which to return a value. If row_num is omitted, column_num is required. Column_num selects the column in array from which to return a value. If column_num is omitted, row_num is required.

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION INDEX function Returns a value or the reference to a value from within a table or range. There are two forms of the INDEX function: the array form and the reference form. Array Form - Remarks If both the row_num and column_num arguments are used, INDEX returns the value in the cell at the intersection of row_num and column_num. If you set row_num or column_num to 0 (zero), INDEX returns the array of values for the entire column or row, respectively. To use values returned as an array, enter the INDEX function as an array formula (array formula: A formula that performs multiple calculations on one or more sets of values, and then returns either a single result or multiple results. Array formulas are enclosed between braces { } and are entered by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.) in a horizontal range of cells for a row, and in a vertical range of cells for a column. To enter an array formula, press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER. Row_num and column_num must point to a cell within array; otherwise, INDEX returns the #REF! error value.

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION INDEX function – Sample 1 A B 1 Data 2 Apples Lemons 3 Bananas Pears Formula Description (Result) =INDEX(A2:B3,2,2) Value at the intersection of the second row and second column in the range (Pears) =INDEX(A2:B3,2,1) Value at the intersection of the second row and first column in the range (Bananas)

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION INDEX - Reference form Returns the reference of the cell at the intersection of a particular row and column. If the reference is made up of nonadjacent selections, you can pick the selection to look in. INDEX(reference,row_num,column_num,area_num) Reference is a reference to one or more cell ranges. If you are entering a nonadjacent range for the reference, enclose reference in parentheses. If each area in reference contains only one row or column, the row_num or column_num argument, respectively, is optional. For example, for a single row reference, use INDEX(reference,,column_num). Row_num is the number of the row in reference from which to return a reference. Column_num is the number of the column in reference from which to return a reference. Area_num selects a range in reference from which to return the intersection of row_num and column_num. The first area selected or entered is numbered 1, the second is 2, and so on. If area_num is omitted, INDEX uses area 1. For example, if reference describes the cells (A1:B4,D1:E4,G1:H4), then area_num 1 is the range A1:B4, area_num 2 is the range D1:E4, and area_num 3 is the range G1:H4.

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION INDEX - Reference form Remarks After reference and area_num have selected a particular range, row_num and column_num select a particular cell: row_num 1 is the first row in the range, column_num 1 is the first column, and so on. The reference returned by INDEX is the intersection of row_num and column_num. If you set row_num or column_num to 0 (zero), INDEX returns the reference for the entire column or row, respectively. Row_num, column_num, and area_num must point to a cell within reference; otherwise, INDEX returns the #REF! error value. If row_num and column_num are omitted, INDEX returns the area in reference specified by area_num. The result of the INDEX function is a reference and is interpreted as such by other formulas. Depending on the formula, the return value of INDEX may be used as a reference or as a value. For example, the formula CELL("width",INDEX(A1:B2,1,2)) is equivalent to CELL("width",B1). The CELL function uses the return value of INDEX as a cell reference. On the other hand, a formula such as 2*INDEX(A1:B2,1,2) translates the return value of INDEX into the number in cell B1.

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION INDEX - Reference form Sample 1 A B C 1 Fruit Price Count 2 Apples 0.69 40 3 Bananas 0.34 38 4 Lemons 0.55 15 5 Oranges 0.25 25 6 Pears 0.59 7 8 Almonds 2.8 10 9 Cashews 3.55 16 Peanuts 1.25 20 11 Walnuts 1.75 12 Formula Description (Result) =INDEX(B3:D7,2,3) The intersection of the second row and third column in the range A2:C6, which is the content of cell C3. (38) =INDEX((B3:D7,B9:D12),2,2,2) The intersection of the second row and second column in the second area of A8:C11, which is the content of cell B9. (3.55) =SUM(INDEX(B3:D12,0,3,1)) The sum of the third column in the first area of the range A1:C11, which is the sum of C1:C6. (216)

INDEX AND MATCH FUNCTION Index and Match Function Combination A B C D 1 Fruit Price Count Code 2 Apples 0.69 40 A1 3 Bananas 0.34 38 B1 4 Lemons 0.55 15 L1 5 Oranges 0.25 25 O1 6 Pears 0.59 P1 7 8 Almonds 2.8 10 A2 9 Cashews 3.55 16 C2 Peanuts 1.25 20 P2 11 Walnuts 1.75 12 W2 Formula Result 13 =INDEX(A1:D11,MATCH("Pears",A1:A11,0),3) 14 =INDEX(A1:D11,MATCH("L1",D1:D11,0),1) =INDEX(A1:D11,MATCH(C15,D1:D11,0),2)

TEXT AND DATA

TEXT AND DATA TEXT AND DATA FUNCTIONS TRIM(text)
Text is the text from which you want spaces removed. A B 1 Formula Description (Result) 2 =TRIM(" First Quarter Earnings ") Removes leading and trailing spaces from the text in the formula (First Quarter Earnings) LEN(text) Text is the text whose length you want to find. Spaces count as characters A 1 Data 2 Phoenix, AZ 3 4 One Formula Description (Result) =LEN(A2) Length of the first string (11) =LEN(A3) Length of the second string (0) =LEN(A4) Length of the third string, which includes 5 spaces (8)

TEXT AND DATA TEXT AND DATA FUNCTIONS LEFT
returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you specify. Syntax LEFT(text,num_chars) Text is the text string that contains the characters you want to extract. Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want LEFT to extract. Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero. If num_chars is greater than the length of text, LEFT returns all of text. If num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to be 1. A B C 1 Data 2 Sale Price 3 Sweden 4 Formula Description Result =LEFT(A2,4) First four characters in the first string Sales =LEFT(A3) First character in the second string S

TEXT AND DATA TEXT AND DATA FUNCTIONS RIGHT
RIGHT returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you specify. Syntax RIGHT(text,num_chars) Text is the text string containing the characters you want to extract. Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want RIGHT to extract. Remarks Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero. If num_chars is greater than the length of text, RIGHT returns all of text. If num_chars is omitted, it is assumed A B C 1 Data 2 Sale Price 3 Stock Number 4 Formula Description Result =RIGHT(A2,5) Last 5 characters of the first string (Price) Price =RIGHT(A3) Last character of the second string (r) r

TEXT AND DATA TEXT AND DATA FUNCTIONS CONCATENATE (text1,text2,...)
Text1, text2, ... are 2 to 255 text items to be joined into a single text item. The text items can be text strings, numbers, or single-cell references. Remarks You can also use the ampersand (&) calculation operator instead of the CONCATENATE function to join text items. For example, =A1&B1 returns the same value as =CONCATENATE(A1,B1). A 1 Data 2 brook trout 3 species 4 32 Formula Description =CONCATENATE("Stream population for ",A2," ",A3," is ",A4,"/mile") Concatenates a sentence from the data above (Stream population for brook trout species is 32/mile)

TEXT AND DATA TEXT AND DATA FUNCTIONS
UPPER - Converts text to uppercase LOWER - Converts all uppercase letters in a text string to lowercase. PROPER - Capitalizes the first letter in a text string and any other letters in text that follow any character other than a letter. Converts all other letters to lowercase letters. A B C 1 Data 2 this is a TITLE 3 2-cent's worth 4 76BudGet 5 Formula Description (Result) 6 =PROPER(A2) Proper case of first string This Is A Title 7 =PROPER(A3) Proper case of second string 2-Cent'S Worth 8 =PROPER(A4) Proper case of third string 76Budget 9 =UPPER(A2) Upper case of first string THIS IS A TITLE 10 =UPPER(A3) Upper case of second string 2-CENT'S WORTH 11 =UPPER(A4) Upper case of third string 76BUDGET 12 =LOWER(A2) Lower case of first string this is a title 13 =LOWER(A3) Lower case of second string 14 =LOWER(A4) Lower case of third string 76budget

TEXT AND DATA TEXT AND DATA FUNCTIONS
LEN - LEN returns the number of characters in a text string. Syntax LEN(text) LENB(text) Text is the text whose length you want to find. Spaces count as characters. A B C 1 Data 2 Phoenix, AZ 3 4 One Formula Description (Result) =LEN(A2) Length of the first string 11 =LEN(A3) Length of the second string =LEN(A4) Length of the third string, which includes 5 spaces 8

TEXT AND DATA TEXT AND DATA FUNCTIONS Knowledge Test
Using text and Data Function, remove the country codes from the following locations.

DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS

DATE AND TIME Function Description DATE Returns the serial number of a particular date DATEVALUE Converts a date in the form of text to a serial number DAY Converts a serial number to a day of the month DAYS360 Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year EDATE Returns the serial number of the date that is the indicated number of months before or after the start date EOMONTH Returns the serial number of the last day of the month before or after a specified number of months HOUR Converts a serial number to an hour MINUTE Converts a serial number to a minute MONTH Converts a serial number to a month NETWORKDAYS Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates NOW Returns the serial number of the current date and time SECOND Converts a serial number to a second TIME Returns the serial number of a particular time TIMEVALUE Converts a time in the form of text to a serial number TODAY Returns the serial number of today's date WEEKDAY Converts a serial number to a day of the week WEEKNUM Converts a serial number to a number representing where the week falls numerically with a year WORKDAY Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of workdays YEAR Converts a serial number to a year YEARFRAC Returns the year fraction representing the number of whole days between start_date and end_date Note Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so that they can be used in calculations. By default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number because it is 39,447 days after January 1, 1900.

DATE AND TIME DATE FUNCTION Description
The DATE function returns the sequential serial number that represents a particular date. For example, the formula =DATE(2008,7,8) returns 39637, the serial number that represents 7/8/2008. Note If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a date instead of a number. If you want to view the serial number, or if you want to change the formatting of the date, select a different number format in the Number group of the Home tab. The DATE function is most useful in situations where the year, month, and day are supplied by formulas or cell references. For example, you might have a worksheet that contains dates in a format that Excel does not recognize, such as YYYYMMDD. You can use the DATE function in conjunction with other functions to convert the dates to a serial number that Excel recognizes. See the table in the Example section of this article for more information.

DATE AND TIME DATE FUNCTION
The DATE function syntax has the following arguments year Required. The value of the year argument can include one to four digits. Excel interprets the year argument according to the date system your computer is using. By default, Microsoft Excel for Windows uses the 1900 date system Tip We recommend using four digits for the year argument to prevent unwanted results. For example, using "07" returns "1907" as the year value. If year is between 0 (zero) and 1899 (inclusive), Excel adds that value to 1900 to calculate the year. For example, DATE(108,1,2) returns January 2, 2008 ( ). If year is between 1900 and 9999 (inclusive), Excel uses that value as the year. For example, DATE(2008,1,2) returns January 2, 2008. If year is less than 0 or is or greater, Excel returns the #NUM! error value. month Required. A positive or negative integer representing the month of the year from 1 to 12 (January to December). If month is greater than 12, month adds that number of months to the first month in the year specified. For example, DATE(2008,14,2) returns the serial number representing February 2, 2009. If month is less than 1, month subtracts the magnitude of that number of months, plus 1, from the first month in the year specified. For example, DATE(2008,-3,2) returns the serial number representing September 2, 2007. day Required. A positive or negative integer representing the day of the month from 1 to 31. If day is greater than the number of days in the month specified, day adds that number of days to the first day in the month. For example, DATE(2008,1,35) returns the serial number representing February 4, 2008. If day is less than 1, day subtracts the magnitude that number of days, plus one, from the first day of the month specified. For example, DATE(2008,1,-15) returns the serial number representing December 16, 2007. The DATE function is most useful in situations where the year, month, and day are supplied by formulas or cell references. For example, you might have a worksheet that contains dates in a format that Excel does not recognize, such as YYYYMMDD. You can use the DATE function in conjunction with other functions to convert the dates to a serial number that Excel recognizes. See the table in the Example section of this article for more information.

DATE AND TIME DATE FUNCTION A B C 1 Year Month Day 2 2008 3 Data 4
A B C 1 Year Month Day 2 2008 3 Data 4 5 Formula Description Result 6 =DATE(A2,B2,C2) Serial date for the date derived by using cells A2, B2, and C2 as the arguments for the DATE function, and using the 1900 date system. 1/1/2008 or 39448 7 =DATE(YEAR(TODAY()),12,31) Serial date for the last day of the current year. 12/31/nnnn or the equivalent sequential serial number (actual value depends on current year) 8 =DATE(LEFT(A4,4),MID(A4,5,2), RIGHT(A4,2)) A formula that converts a date from the YYYYMMDD format to a serial date. 11/25/2008 or 39777 The DATE function is most useful in situations where the year, month, and day are supplied by formulas or cell references. For example, you might have a worksheet that contains dates in a format that Excel does not recognize, such as YYYYMMDD. You can use the DATE function in conjunction with other functions to convert the dates to a serial number that Excel recognizes. See the table in the Example section of this article for more information.

DATE AND TIME DAY FUNCTION A B 1 Date 2 Formula Description (Result)
Show All Hide All Returns the day of a date, represented by a serial number. The day is given as an integer ranging from 1 to 31. Syntax DAY(serial_number) Serial_number is the date of the day you are trying to find. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. For example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, Problems can occur if dates are entered as text. A B 1 Date 2 15-Apr-08 Formula Description (Result) =DAY(A2) Day of the date above (15)

DATE AND TIME HOUR FUNCTION A B 1 Time 2 3 4 Formula
Returns the hour of a time value. The hour is given as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23 (11:00 P.M.). Syntax HOUR(serial_number) Serial_number is the time that contains the hour you want to find. Times may be entered as text strings within quotation marks (for example, "6:45 PM"), as decimal numbers (for example, , which represents 6:45 PM), or as results of other formulas or functions (for example, TIMEVALUE("6:45 PM")). Remark Microsoft Excel for Windows and Excel for the Macintosh use different date systems as their defaults. Time values are a portion of a date value and represented by a decimal number (for example, 12:00 PM is represented as 0.5 because it is half of a day). A B 1 Time 2 3:30:30 AM 3 3:30:30 PM 4 15:30 Formula Description (Result) =HOUR(A2) Hour of first time (3) =HOUR(A3) Hour of second time (15) =HOUR(A4) Hour of third time (15)

DATE AND TIME MINUTES FUNCTION A B 1 Time 2 3 Formula
MINUTE function Returns the minutes of a time value. The minute is given as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59. Syntax MINUTE(serial_number) Serial_number is the time that contains the minute you want to find. Times may be entered as text strings within quotation marks (for example, "6:45 PM"), as decimal numbers (for example, , which represents 6:45 PM), or as results of other formulas or functions (for example, TIMEVALUE("6:45 PM")). Remarks Microsoft Excel for Windows and Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh use different date systems as their default. Time values are a portion of a date value and represented by a decimal number (for example, 12:00 PM is represented as 0.5, since it is half of a day). A B 1 Time 2 4:48:00 PM 3 Formula Description (Result) 4 =MINUTE(A2) Minutes of the time above (48)

DATE AND TIME MONTH FUNCTION A B 1 Date 2 3 Formula
Show All Hide All Returns the month of a date represented by a serial number. The month is given as an integer, ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December). Syntax MONTH(serial_number) Serial_number is the date of the month you are trying to find. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. For example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, 2008. Remarks Microsoft Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so they can be used in calculations. By default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number because it is 39,448 days after January 1, 1900. A B 1 Date 2 15-Apr-08 3 Formula Description (Result) 4 =MONTH(A2) Month of the date above (4)

DATE AND TIME SECOND FUNCTION A B 1 Time 2 3 4 Formula Description 5 6
Show All Hide All Returns the seconds of a time value. The second is given as an integer in the range 0 (zero) to 59. Syntax SECOND(serial_number) Serial_number is the time that contains the seconds you want to find. Times may be entered as text strings within quotation marks (for example, "6:45 PM"), as decimal numbers (for example, , which represents 6:45 PM), or as results of other formulas or functions (for example, TIMEVALUE("6:45 PM")). Remark Microsoft Excel for Windows and Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh use different date systems as their default. Time values are a portion of a date value and represented by a decimal number (for example, 12:00 PM is represented as 0.5 because it is half of a day). A B 1 Time 2 4:48:18 PM 3 4:48 PM 4 Formula Description 5 =SECOND(A2) Seconds in the first time (18) 6 =SECOND(A3) Seconds in the second time (0)

DATE AND TIME TIME FUNCTION A B C 1 Hour Minute Second 2 3 4 Formula
Returns the decimal number for a particular time. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a date. The decimal number returned by TIME is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to , representing the times from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.). Syntax TIME(hour,minute,second) Hour is a number from 0 (zero) to representing the hour. Any value greater than 23 will be divided by 24 and the remainder will be treated as the hour value. For example, TIME(27,0,0) = TIME(3,0,0) = .125 or 3:00 AM. Minute is a number from 0 to representing the minute. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours and minutes. For example, TIME(0,750,0) = TIME(12,30,0) = or 12:30 PM. Second is a number from 0 to representing the second. Any value greater than 59 will be converted to hours, minutes, and seconds. For example, TIME(0,0,2000) = TIME(0,33,22) = or 12:33:20 AM Remark Microsoft Excel for Windows and Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh use different date systems as their default. Time values are a portion of a date value and represented by a decimal number (for example, 12:00 PM is represented as 0.5 because it is half of a day). A B C 1 Hour Minute Second 2 12 3 16 48 10 4 Formula Description (Result) 5 =TIME(A2,B2,C2) Decimal part of a day, for the first time above (0.5) 6 =TIME(A3,B3,C3) Decimal part of a day, for the second time above ( )

DATE AND TIME TODAY FUNCTION Description
Returns the serial number of the current date. The serial number is the date-time code used by Excel for date and time calculations. If the cell format was General before the function was entered, Excel changes the cell format to Date. If you want to view the serial number, you must change the cell format to General or Number. The TODAY function is useful when you need to have the current date displayed on a worksheet, regardless of when you open the workbook. It is also useful for calculating intervals. Syntax TODAY( ) The TODAY function syntax has no arguments (argument: A value that provides information to an action, an event, a method, a property, a function, or a procedure.). Note Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so they can be used in calculations. By default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number because it is 39,447 days after January 1, 1900. A B 1 Formula Description 2 =TODAY() Returns the current date. 3 =TODAY()+5 Returns the current date plus 5 days. For example, if the current date is 1/1/2008, this formula returns 1/6/2008. 4 =DATEVALUE("1/1/2030")-TODAY() Returns the number of days between the current date and 1/1/2030. Note that cell A4 must be formatted as General or Number for the result to display correctly. 5 =DAY(TODAY()) Returns the current day of the month (1 - 31). 6 =MONTH(TODAY()) Returns the current month of the year (1 - 12). For example, if the current month is May, this formula returns 5.

DATE AND TIME WEEKDAY FUNCTION WEEKDAY function
Returns the day of the week corresponding to a date. The day is given as an integer, ranging from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday), by default. Syntax WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type) Serial_number is a sequential number that represents the date of the day you are trying to find. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. For example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, 2008. Return_type is a number that determines the type of return value. Return_type Number returned 1 or omitted Numbers 1 (Sunday) through 7 (Saturday). Behaves like previous versions of Microsoft Excel. 2 Numbers 1 (Monday) through 7 (Sunday). 3 Numbers 0 (Monday) through 6 (Sunday). A B 1 Data 2 2/14/2008 3 Formula Description (Result) 4 =WEEKDAY(A2) Day of the week, with numbers 1 (Sunday) through 7 (Saturday) (5) 5 =WEEKDAY(A2,2) Day of the week, with numbers 1 (Monday) through 7 (Sunday) (4) 6 =WEEKDAY(A2,3) Day of the week, with numbers 0 (Monday) through 6 (Sunday) (3)

DATE AND TIME WEEKNUM FUNCTION WEEKNUM function
Returns a number that indicates where the week falls numerically within a year. Important The WEEKNUM function considers the week containing January 1 to be the first week of the year. However, there is a European standard that defines the first week as the one with the majority of days (four or more) falling in the new year. This means that for years in which there are three days or less in the first week of January, the WEEKNUM function returns week numbers that are incorrect according to the European standard. Syntax WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type) Serial_num is a date within the week. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. For example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, 2008. Return_type is a number that determines on which day the week begins. The default is 1. A B 1 Data 2 9-Mar-08 3 Formula Description (Result) 4 =WEEKNUM(A2,1) Number of the week in the year, with a week beginning on Sunday (11) 5 =WEEKNUM(A2,2) Number of the week in the year, with a week beginning on Monday (10)

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