1. POPULATION POLICY

2. VIDEO: WORLD POPULATION

3. A Fertility Policies 1. Population Policy 2. Fertility Enhancement
3. Fertility Decline
4. Family Planning
5. Missing Female Population

4. 1 Population Policy Context Fairly recent phenomenon.
Few nations had formal population policies prior to the 1950s:
Developed and developing world alike.
India was the first country to have a family planning policy in 1951.
Still today the place where the needs are among the most urgent.
Became an issue with the population explosion.
The world undertook a reproductive revolution.
About 80% of the population of developing countries is subject to population policies.
Most of them are words without meaning.

5. 1 Population Policy Definition Population program (direct policies)
Official government strategy.
Set of guidelines specifically intended to affect:
Size of the population.
Rate of growth of a population: fertility (enhance or reduce).
Distribution.
Composition (ethnic).
Population program (direct policies)
Means to make to policy operational.
Public or private initiatives.
Services, information, persuasion or legitimation.
Government
Policy
Intentional
Program
Impacts
Population

6. 1 Population Policy Indirect policies Migration
Economic and social programs can have an impact on population.
Taxation (credits and deductions for children).
Health and education.
Welfare.
Migration
Either promote emigration or immigration.
Often related to the labor market.
Becoming a very sensitive issue in several developed countries:
The United States and Europe facing migration pressures.

7. 1 Population Policy Conventional Perspective Contemporary Perspective
Population = power.
The more people the more powerful the country.
Most work was physical and required little training.
Human capital = power.
Quality of the human capital is more important than quantity.
Most work is skill-oriented.
Empire building, slavery, and wage labor.
Globalization and migration (exploitation of labor differences).

8. 1 Population Policy Labor force Size of the labor force
Population in age of working:
On average between
Composition and quality are two major concerns.
Substantial changes forthcoming:
More workers and they will be better educated.
More minorities and more women.
Older retirement age.
Size of the labor force
Size of the working age population:
Determined by the population’s age structure.
How many people fall between the ages of 15 and 65.
Rate of labor force participation:
Participation rates are affected by many factors.
The role of women in the society in general.

9. Employment as % of Population Aged 15-64, 2001
Source: OECD.

10. VIDEO: DECLINING POPULATION

11. Fertility Enhancement2
Fertility Enhancement
Pro-natal policies
Exist in many European nations currently experiencing population decline or ZPG.
Policies:
Generous welfare benefits.
Liberal maternity / paternity leave programs.
Substantial investment in child day care facilities.
Free education through University level.
Sweden:
12 months maternity leave.
At least 1 month paternity leave.
Payments of $160 per month through age 16 (1st and 2nd child).
$240 per month (3rd and 4th child).

12. 4 Family Planning Fertility Decline Fertility Enhancement Decrease TFR
Promotion of family planning
Some cases of forced sterilization
Controversial to enforce because of cultural values
Increase TFR
Welfare benefits (healthcare, education and financial rewards)
Rarely effective

13. 4 Family Planning Concept
Designed to help families achieve a desired size.
1/3 of the population growth in the world is the result of incidental or unwanted pregnancies.
210 million pregnancies in the world per year, of which 100 million are unwanted pregnancies (47%).
46 million abortion per year.
500,000 women die each year from unsafe abortions.
49% of pregnancies in the US are unwanted.
If women could have only the number of children they wanted, the TFR in many countries would fall by nearly to 1.
Source: The Alan Guttmacher Institute.

14. Abortion Rates in Western Industrialized Countries4
Abortion Rates in Western Industrialized Countries
Source: The Alan Guttmacher Institute.

15. US View on Family Planning4
US View on Family Planning
Contributes between 40 and 50% of international FP aid.
Characterized by paradoxes:
Between the religious ethics of the leaders and a liberal urban society.
Strongly supportive of FP in the 1960s and 1970s.
Change in the 1980s:
Reagan stopped support to the United Nations Population Fund.
Revoked by Clinton in 1993.
Current policies:
Anti-abortion and increasingly anti-family planning (anti-contraception) domestic policies.
Promote a conservative moral and religious agenda.
First action of President Bush in 2001 was to ban funding to international agencies promoting abortion (and thus FP).
Growing violence against family planning and abortion clinics.

16. Controlling Population Growth4
Controlling Population Growth
Natural increase:
Biggest factor in population growth in most countries.
Reducing this component will require substantial progress in social and economic development.
Empowerment of women:
Guarantee of their human rights:
No jobs, no education, no money,
Equal access to nutrition, health care and education
Unable to own land or inherit property
Right to reproductive and sexual health.
Reproductive health services:
Family planning.
Contraception.
Abortion.

17. Family Planning Programs4
Family Planning Programs
Still considerable unmet demand for reproductive health services.
Require financing.
Must be equitable:
Disparity between accessibility to the poor and the wealthy.
Better access in cities.
Fertility levels among the poor are generally higher:
In rural areas, unwanted fertility reduces the ability to provide for the children.
Put stress on local resources and local environments.
Help push people into migration.

18. Effectiveness of Family Planning4
Effectiveness of Family Planning
Strong government support.
Must be medically, economically and culturally acceptable.
Counseling ensures informed consent in contraceptive choice.
Provision of contraceptives.
Training of staff and education of public.
Monitoring the results.
Research for new or improved methods.
Privacy and confidentiality are ensured.
Impact
Much evidence to support the idea that family planning programs have been having a great affect.
Economic development and socioeconomic transformations are a necessary precondition for family planning programs to have an impact?

19. Female Literacy and Fertility in Selected Countries, 19974
Female Literacy and Fertility in Selected Countries, 1997
Source: United Nations Population Division

20. 4 Family Planning Family planning in the United States
Birth control use:
20% of sexually active U.S. teens reported using no birth control
4% in Great Britain, 6.5% in Sweden, 12% in France and 13% in Canada.
Between 50% and 70% of girls in other countries used birth control pills, only 32% did so in the United States.
Different attitudes of developed countries:
Accepting attitude about teen-age sexual relationships.
Clearer expectations for responsible sexual behavior.
More accessible reproductive health services.
The U.S. is the only country with a formal policy promoting abstinence only.
One-third of school districts teaching sex ed mandate as an abstinence-only program.

21. 5
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 under age 5), by Sex, Selected Countries, 2000
Source: UNFPA, 2000, State or the World Population.

22. Missing Female Population5
Missing Female Population
Missing female population in India
Sex determination tests outlawed (1994):
Nobody ever convicted of infringing the law.
Ultrasound for “abdominal cyst”: 500 rupees ($11).
Abortion: 2,000 rupees ($44).
25% of all female deaths between the age 16 and 24 are due to “accidental burns”.
Between 5,000 and 12,000 “dowry deaths” per year.
Sex ratio is still declining:
962 girls for 1000 boys (1981).
945 girls for 1000 boys (1991).
927 girls for 1000 boys (2001).
Can go as low as 770 in some regions.

23. Missing Female Population, 19985
Missing Female Population, 1998

24. Missing Female Population5
Missing Female Population
Gender roles and the missing female population
Sons are perceived as an asset:
Farm work.
Security for old age (no social security in several countries).
Take over the family name.
Sons get better health care, food and schooling.
100% of them must find a bride and produce an heir.
In China, the birth of a boy is labeled as “big happiness” while the birth of a girl is labeled as “small happiness”.
Daughters are perceived as a liability:
Marry and leave home to provide labor to another family.
Dowries are often to be paid.

25. Missing Female Population5
Missing Female Population
Causes of the missing female population
High female mortality in infancy or childhood:
Preferential treatment for boys; better food and health care.
Infanticide.
Excess female mortality in utero:
Sex-selective abortion.
500,000 and 750,000 unborn Chinese girls are aborted every year after sex screening.
Net out-migration of female children:
International adoptions.
Abandon; Orphanage are strictly populated by girls.
In some cases 90% of the girls in orphanages will die.
Sex-selective undercount of children:
Daughters are not declared.
No education provided by the state.
“Sold” / “rented” as a factory worker, wife or prostitute.

26. Missing Female Population5
Missing Female Population
Consequences of the missing female population
Demographic “backlash”:
May help achieve demographic stability.
Fast decline in fertility.
Fast decline of population growth and then of absolute population.
Social consequences:
Limit the advancement of women in society.
The “value” of females will increase considerably in the future:
Millions of men will not be able to find a wife.
Changes in the economics of marriage.
Inverted dowry; “Bride prices” are becoming more common (about $4,000 in China).
Daughters increasingly an asset for industrial work.

27. Current Event: China Ends One Child Policy