2. bureaucracy
Definition: an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials Bureaucracy = “government of small desks”

3. [ 6.1 ] The Federal Bureaucracy

4. The Federal Bureaucracy is:
4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants”
President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments)
15 cabinet level departments
200+ independent agencies with 2,000+ bureaus, divisions, branches, etc.
Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal Service, Veterans Administration

5. The Federal Bureaucracy

6. What Is a Bureaucracy?
A U.S. border patrol officer checks a driver's documents. He is one of more than 2.7 million people who work for the agencies and organizations that make up the federal bureaucracy.

7. What Is a Bureaucracy?
To qualify as a bureaucracy, an organization must be based on these three principles. Analyze Charts What are some advantages and disadvantages of this structure?

8. Executive Branch Bureaucracy
The Internal Revenue Service is part of the huge executive branch bureaucracy, responsible for processing all federal tax returns. The agency handles millions of pages of paperwork each year.

9. Executive Branch Bureaucracy
Each executive branch agency is created by act of Congress to execute the nation's laws. Analyze Charts Why do you think the executive branch is the largest part of the federal bureaucracy?

10. How Units Are Named
Many government agencies are well known by their acronyms. Analyze Political Cartoons What point does the cartoon make about bureaucracies and their names?

11. How Units Are Named
A federal agency, the Office of Personnel Management, tracks a wide range of data related to federal employees. Analyze Charts Where do the majority of federal civilian employees work?

12. Department of Homeland Security Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003
Executive Secretary
Commandant of
Coast Guard (1)
Legislative Affairs
Secretary
Deputy Secretary
Inspector General
Public Affairs
General Counsel
State and Local Coordination
Civil Rights and
Civil Liberties
Citizenship & Immigration Service
Ombudsman (1)
Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1)
Special Assistant to the Secretary
(private sector)
Director of the
Secret Service (1)
National Capital Region Coordination
Small & Disadvantaged
Business
Privacy Officer
Chief of Staff
International Affairs
Shared Services
Counter Narcotics
Under Secretary
Management
Under Secretary
Science and Technology
Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection
Under Secretary
Border & Transportation Security
Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response
Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003

13. Staff and Line Agencies
The federal bureaucracy is made up of both staff and line agencies. Analyze Charts What are some examples of each type of agency?

15. Staff and Line Agencies
A team from the EPA removes asbestos from a home in New Mexico. Agencies that execute policy and operate 'on the line,' like the EPA, are called line agencies.

16. A. members of Congress; the President
Quiz: What Is a Bureaucracy?
In the Federalist No. 51, James Madison wrote that 'you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.' According to the text, to which part of the government does 'it' refer? To which part of the government does 'itself' refer?
A. members of Congress; the President
B. the President; members of Congress
C. elected officials; appointed bureaucrats
D. appointed bureaucrats; elected officials

17. B. It mandates the creation of 15 Cabinet departments.
Quiz: Executive Branch Bureaucracy
What is one way that Article II of the Constitution has contributed to the creation of the federal bureaucracy?
A. It gives the President the power to consult with the heads of the executive departments.
B. It mandates the creation of 15 Cabinet departments.
C. It is completely silent on the organization of the executive branch.
D. It stipulates that all three branches of the government be set up as bureaucracies.

18. [ 6.2 ] The EOP and the Executive Departments

19. White House Office (WHO)
The “West Wing” staff (approx. 500 people)
President’s closest advisors
Staffers do NOT have to be confirmed by Senate
Chief of staff
Domestic advisors
Legislative liaison
Press Secretary

20. Executive Office of the President (EOP)
Agencies that report directly to the president.
Heads must approved by the Senate.
Office of Management & Budget (OMB) is the most powerful agency (assembles of the budget, oversight on bureaucracy)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
National Security Council (NSC) reviews foreign affairs, advises Pres on matters affecting nat’l security
Office of U.S. Trade Representative

21. Structure of the Executive Office of the President
By 1850, the executive branch employed some 33,000 people. That number reached 1 million by Analyze Data Why do you think the executive branch has grown over the years?

22. Structure of the Executive Office of the President
President Obama consults with two key aides aboard Air Force One: Chief of Staff Denis McDonough (right) and Deputy National Security adviser for Strategic Communications Ben Rhodes (left).

23. 15 Executive Departments
CABINET
15 Executive Departments
Large, broad area administrative units, responsible for a national interest function
State, Defense, Treasury, Justice, Labor, etc. (see handout)
Composed of Secretaries of the Executive Branch and the Attorney General (Justice Dept.)
Cabinet Secretaries confirmed by Senate
Can be fired by President

24. The Executive Departments
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and President Barack Obama visit a farm in Iowa during the 2012 drought. Vilsack is one of 15 executive department secretaries.

25. The Executive Departments
The number of executive departments has more than tripled since Analyze Charts What can you conclude about the reasons for creating executive departments?

26. The Executive Departments
HHS aims 'to help provide the building blocks that Americans need to live healthy, successful lives.' Analyze Information How do the department's priorities reflect this mission?

27. The Cabinet and Its Functions
George Washington's 1789 Cabinet consisted of just the secretaries of state, treasury, and war, and the attorney general. The modern-day presidential Cabinet is nearly four times that size.

29. A. It houses agencies staffed by key members of political parties.
Quiz: Structure of the Executive Office of the President
Why is the Executive Office of the President sometimes called 'the President's right arm'?
A. It houses agencies staffed by key members of political parties.
B. It houses agencies staffed by the majority party leaders in Congress.
C. It houses agencies staffed by the President's key personal and political aides.
D. It houses agencies staffed by key lobbyists for powerful corporations.

30. A. a major earthquake struck El Salvador in 2001
Quiz: The Executive Departments
Which of the following events MOST LIKELY led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002?
A. a major earthquake struck El Salvador in 2001
B. terrorists attacked the United States in 2001
C. a NASA space probe began to map the surface of Mars in 2002
D. Switzerland joined the United Nations in 2002

31. How does geography influence the selection of Cabinet secretaries?
Quiz: The Cabinet and Its Functions
How does geography influence the selection of Cabinet secretaries?
A. Candidates are chosen to give regional balance to the Cabinet.
B. Candidates are chosen to give professional experience to the Cabinet.
C. Candidates are chosen to give interest groups access to the Cabinet.
D. Candidates are chosen to give the Senate influence over the Cabinet.

32. [ 6.3 ] The Independent Agencies

33. Independent Executive Agencies
Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch
Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a regulatory one.
Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without cause
Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.

34. The Purpose of Independent Agencies
A Peace Corps volunteer works with a farmer in Senegal. Since the Corps was established as an independent agency in 1961, more than 200,000 volunteers have worked in 139 countries.

35. The Purpose of Independent Agencies

36. Massive turnover of these Executive agencies with a new President?
Independent Executive Agencies
Massive turnover of these Executive agencies with a new President?

37. Independent Executive Agencies
An FDA agent inspects food products at a processing plant. Predict Consequences What might be the result if the FDA did not regulate food safety?

38. Independent Executive Agencies
NASA’s technological advances have ensured successful space travel and benefited the general public. Analyze Information How have each of these NASA innovations benefited civilians?

39. Independent Regulatory Commissions
Agencies created by Congress to exist outside the major the departments to regulate a specific economic activity or interest
Presidential appointments
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Federal Reserve Board, FCC, SEC, FEC
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

40. Independent Regulatory Commissions
A radio station host talks to listeners on the air. The radio waves, as well as any content transmitted over them, are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

41. Government Corporations
Businesses established by Congress to perform functions that could be provided by private businesses.
May or may not be profitable, but serve a public need
TVA
FDIC
AMTRAK
U.S. Postal Service

42. Title: Another Layer of Bureaucracy
Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant
Date: February, 2006
Source: :

43. Government Corporations
The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, also known as Amtrak, is a government corporation that transports an average of over 85,000 passengers each day.

44. Government Corporations
Government corporations blur the line between public and private businesses. Analyze Charts What are some ways that government and private corporations are similar?

45. The main goal of the civil service today is to
Quiz: Independent Executive Agencies
The main goal of the civil service today is to
A. do away with the spoils system and other forms of patronage.
B. provide jobs for those seeking positions in the Federal Government.
C. make sure that federal employees do not favor one political party.
D. recruit and keep the best people in the federal workforce.

46. A. maintain widespread monitoring of communications usage.
Quiz: Independent Regulatory Commissions
The FCC is headed by five commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Only three of the five can belong to the same political party. The FCC is structured in this way to
A. maintain widespread monitoring of communications usage.
B. ensure consistent rates for public broadcasters.
C. prevent the President and either party from having too much influence over the FCC.
D. balance leadership between the President and private companies.

47. The President Supervises the Bureaucracy
The President can:
appoint & remove agency heads
reorganize the bureaucracy
issue executive orders
reduce an agency's budget
President Bush speaks about his budget priorities for FY 2007

48. Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy
Congress can:
create or abolish agencies & departments
cut or reduce funding
investigate agency activities
hold committee hearings
pass legislation that alters an agency's functions
influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointments
Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before
House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina

49. Federal Courts Check the Bureaucracy
Federal courts can:
through judicial review rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted within the law and the U.S. Constitution
provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action
Supreme Court of the United States