1. Phil Bowen Emotional intelligence
Contact Details
Phil Bowen Emotional intelligence
20/03/2018 1

2. Summary Summary Moods Emotion Personality (The big 5) Intelligence
Emotional intelligence
The dark side
Summing up
References

3. Moods. 3

4. Mood and mood regulation
Those:
Prone to anxiety tend to worry about worry.
Who are depressive may underestimate their control over ruminative thought and are likely to believe that rumination is a way to cope. (Papageorgiou and Wells, 2003).
Happy people may recall and use more positive information and
Those in a negative mood access more negative information in their verbal messages.” (Forgas, 2007)
There is considerable evidence that mood effects memory and judgments (Berkowitz, 2000; Bless et al, 1996; Bower and Forgas, 2001; Bower, 1981; Eich and Macauley, 2000).

5. Workshop 1a. 5 mins and 5 mins discussion.
In small groups identify and discuss “things” that cause you stress? (For example: waiting in a queue, traffic jams, no internet connection)
How do you feel (physically/ psychologically)
What mood does it put you in?

6. Workshop 1b. 5 mins and 5 mins discussion.
How do you manage your moods?
For example you have just had another bad day.
For example you have just had a negative experience where several students have confronted you.
What do you do to release the stress/ experience? In other words, how do you manage the mood you are in?
Discuss in small groups?

7. Mood management Six strategies for mood management (Thayer 1996.) Rank
Strategy
Examples 1
Active mood management
Relaxation, stress management, engage in cognitive activity, exercise. 2
Seeking pleasurable activities, and distraction
Engage in pleasant activities such as humour or a hobby. 3
Withdrawal, avoidance
Be alone, avoid person or thing causing bad mood. 4
Social support, ventilation and gratification
Call or talk to someone, engage in emotional activity 5
Passive mood management
Watch TV, drink coffee, eat, rest 6
Direct tension reduction
Take drugs, drink alcohol, have sex.

8. Emotion
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9. Workshop 2 (10 mins)
In small groups identify and discuss emotions that you consider to be positive and negative.

10. Workshop 2 (10 mins) See list shown on word document.
Ekman, (1973) explains that there are a small number of basic emotions.
For example: happiness, sadness, anger, fear and disgust.
However, Ortony and Turner (1990) have questioned the existence of identifiable basic emotions.
Also see Plutchik (e.g. Article: Plutchik, 2001)

11. What is emotion? Solomon (2010:3) in Lewis et al states that:
“One of the most enduring metaphors of reason and emotion has been the metaphor of master and slave, with wisdom of reason firmly in control and the dangerous impulses of emotion safely suppressed, channelled, or (ideally) in harmony with reason.”

12. What is emotion? Ekman (1992: 550-553) comments that:
“Emotions are a product of our evolution, with some biological givens” which implies that certain emotions are intrinsic to us as human beings and can therefore be considered as “basic”.
Thamm (2006) comments that:
Emotions originate from the human need to survive (Darwin, 1872).
It is therefore an integral part of who we are as individuals.

13. Workshop (10 mins) Open discussion Is it part of who we are?
If it is integral are we born with it? (nature or nurture)
Is emotion a trait then?
If emotions is a trait, is it part of our personality?

14. What is emotion? Cacioppo et al (1997) state that
Emotions incorporate cognitions (e.g. memories, feelings, appraisals) together with
Humoral, visceral, and immunological reactions; vocalisations, gestures, and expressive displays.
Emotions also include overt behaviours and postural orientations; or a combination of these
(e.g. Frijda, 1986; Izard, 1997; Leventhal and Mosbach, 1983).

15. What is emotion? Crawford (2007) defines emotion as:
Made up of feelings, that which a person experiences;
Emotions (where feelings are shown) and
Moods (this is where feelings persist over a period of time).

16. What is emotion? Wade and Tavris (2006) define emotion as
A state of arousal which involves body and facial changes together with
Brain activity, subjective feelings, cognitive appraisal and tendency towards action; all of which are shaped by cultural norms and rules.

17. What is emotion?
The above exemplifies the confusion associated with defining emotion.

18. Personality (the big five)
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19. Personality (the big 5) (Costa and McCrae, 1992)No
Factor:
Trait facets 1
Neuroticism
Anxiety, angry, hostility, depression, self consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability. 2
Extraversion
Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions 3
Openness
Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, idea, values 4
Agreeableness
Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender mindedness 5
Conscientiousness
Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self discipline, deliberation.

20. Intelligence
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21. Workshop (10 mins) In small groups discuss intelligence What is it?
Is there more than one type of intelligence? If so:
How many intelligences can you think of?

22. Intelligence definition
“The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills”. The Oxford Dictionary (2012)

23. Intelligence
Cattell (1941) proposed that intelligence is associated with two complementary factors.
Fluid intelligence,
which relates to basic reasoning abilities; and
Crystallised intelligence,
which depends upon learning from experience.

24. Multiple intelligence
Definition of intelligence
“The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills”. (The Oxford Dictionary, 2012)
Definition of emotional intelligence
The ability to identify and understand emotions both in oneself and also in others. (Gardner, 1983)

25. Multiple intelligence (Gardner, 1983)
Multiple intelligence can be broken down into the following:
Cognitive intelligence (IQ):
Verbal/ linguistic (logical/ mathematical);
Specialist intelligence (visual/ spatial, musical/ rhythmic, bodily/ kinaesthetic);
Personal intelligence (EI) (interpersonal, intrapersonal).
Later additions were defined as: naturalistic and spiritual/ existential..

26. Emotional intelligence
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27. Emotional intelligence
Being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustrations:
To control impulse and delay gratification;
To regulate one’s moods and keep distress from swamping the ability to think,
To empathise and to hope. (Goleman, 1996)

28. Emotional intelligence

29. Emotional intelligence

30. Emotional intelligence
Three : main theories
The ability model (Salovey and Mayer, 1990; Mayer and Salovey, 1997),
The mixed model, (Bar-On, 1997; Goleman, 1995; 1998a; b; 2001) and
The trait model (Petrides and Furnham, 2001).

31. Emotional intelligence (Ability model) (Salovey and Mayer,1990)
It is the ability to perceive emotions and
To generate and access emotions to help
Understand emotions,
Emotional meanings and
To be able to promote improved emotion and thought.

32. Emotional intelligence (Ability model) (Salovey and Mayer,1990)
It is the ability to understand and manage emotions.
Salovey et al (2004) redefined emotional intelligence as the ability to accurately
Appraise, express and understand emotion and to regulate emotions to encourage emotional and intellectual growth.

33. Emotional intelligence (The mixed model) (Goleman, 1995)
Includes traits and mental abilities
It is associated with intelligence and emotion.
The term “mixed” was therefore given to this model.

34. Emotional intelligence (Goleman 1998)
Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI)
Domain
Competency
Self awareness
Emotional awareness, accurate self assessment, self confidence
Self regulation
Self control, trustworthiness, conscientiousness, adaptability, innovation
Motivation
Achievement drive, organisational commitment, initiative, optimism
Empathy
Understanding others, developing others, service orientation, leveraging diversity, political awareness.
Social skills
Influence, communication, conflict management, leadership, change catalyst, building bonds, collaboration, cooperation, team capabilities.

35. Emotional intelligence (traits)
Eysenk (1958) links traits to behaviours and to emotions.
However, traits are not incorporated into the definition of intelligence and
Wade and Tavris (2006) define trait as characteristics of a person describing their normal way of thinking, feeling or behaving.

36. Emotional intelligence
It therefore follows that traits and ability are mutually independent.
Do you agree?
Or do you think that the mixed model of intelligence and emotion is correct- (The mixed model- Goleman 1995)

37. Traits (Allport 1937)
Allport (1937) was the first person to relate traits and attitudes.
He defined a trait as a neuro psychic system to render stimuli that initiate and guide both adaptive and expressive behaviour.
They are individual/ unique to each person. However, there are common traits that can be shared amongst a culture.
Personality is the dynamic organisations within the physical and psychological systems of a person which, in turn, underlie how a person feels, acts and thinks.

38. Traits (Cattell, 1950)
Cattell (1950) identified that there were two main personality traits.
Surface traits (those that are observable) and
Source traits (those that can be inferred but could appear as behaviour).
Each person could have a percentage of each of the traits, unlike Eysenk who identified that people would be of a particular type.

39. Traits (.Petrides, 2011)
Petrides (2011) found correlation between trait emotional intelligence and the “big five” personality dimensions (Costa and McCrae, 1992).

40. Traits (Petrides, 2011) This implies that:
Genes are partly responsible for individual differences and
Are responsible for individual trait differences.
Johnson et al (2008) found that the heritable proportion of trait is approximately 40%.
The above appears to provide support for the correlation between emotional intelligence and personality traits.

41. Emotional intelligence (The trait model) (Petrides and Furnham, 2001)
Intelligence is an ability and not a trait.
Petrides and Furnham, (2001) comment that this is an oxymoron (a contradiction in terms).
They therefore replace:
“Trait emotional intelligence” with “Emotional self-efficacy” and
Ability emotional intelligence with “Cognitive-emotional ability”.
They regard traits as dispositions distinguishing them from abilities.

42. The dark side
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43. The dark side (Paulhus and Williams, 2002)
The dark triad,
Narcissism,
Machiavellianism, and
Psychopathy,
representing a collection of subclinical, socially aversive traits.

44. The dark side
A psychopath can be described as a “moral Zombie” (De Sousa (2013:109).
They appear to show moral consciousness and verbal signs without necessarily experiencing the emotions.
They appear to be convincing but underneath there is no consciousness.

45. The dark side
Christie and Geis (1970) in Austin et al (2007) define Machiavellianism as:
A person who lacked conventional morality and displayed manipulative behaviour with the intention of promoting their own interests.
Good book to look at: Babiak, P. and Hare, R.D. (2006). Snakes in Suits. Harper

46. Summary Moods Emotion Personality (The big 5) Intelligence
Emotional intelligence
The dark side
Final points/ summing up
References

47. References 1
Allport, G.W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation, New York, Henry Holt and Company.
Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Berkowitz, L. (2000). Causes and consequences of feelings. New York: Psychology Press.
Bless, H. Mackie, D. Schwarz, N. (1996). Mood effects on encoding and judgmental processes in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 63. ( ).
Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist. Vol. 36. ( ).
Bower, G.H. and Forgas, J.P. (2001). Mood and social memory. In: J.P. Forgas (Ed), The handbook of affect and social cognition, Mahwah. NJ: Erlbaum (95-120).
Cacioppo, J.T. Bernston, G.G. Klein, D.J. and Poehlmann, K.M. (1997). The psychophysiology of emotion across the life span, Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Vol. 17. (27-74)
Cattell, R.B. (1941). Some theoretical issues in adult intelligence testing. Psychological Bulletin 38. (592).
Cattell, R.B. (1950). Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Christie, R. and Geis, F.L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
Costa, P. T. Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Crawford, M. (2007). Emotional coherence in primary school headship, Educational Management Administrations and Leadership. Sage publications. ( ).
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of emotions in man and animals. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
De Sousa, R. (2013). The mind’s Bermuda triangle: philosophy of emotions and empirical science. In P. Goldie. (Ed) .The Oxford handbook of philosophy of emotion. Oxford University Press.
Eich, E. and Macauley, D. (2000). Fundamental factors in mood-dependent memory. In J.P. Forgas (Ed) Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition, New York: Cambridge: University Press. ( ).

48. References 2
Ekman, P. (1973). Cross cultural studies of facial expression. In P. Ekman (Ed). Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review. New York: Academic Press. ( ).
Ekman, P. (1992). Are there basic emotions, Psychological Review, Vol. 99. No 3. ( ).
Eysenck, H. J. (1958). Sense and nonsense in psychology. Middlesex: Penguin.
Forgas, J.P. (2007). When sad is better than happy: Negative affect can improve the quality and effectiveness of persuasive messages and social influence strategies, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 43. ( ).
Frijda, N.H. (1986). The emotions: studies in emotion and social interaction, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books
Goleman. D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More than IQ. Bantam Books, New York. NY.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional Intelligence; why it can matter more than IQ, Bloomsbury, London.
Goleman, D. (1998a). What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review. Vol. 76. (93-102).
Goleman, D. (1998b). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books: New York.
Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional Intelligence: Perspectives on a theory of performance. In press.
Izard, C.E. (1997). Emotion and facial expression: A perspective from differential emotion theory. In J.A. Russell and J.M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds). The Psychology of facial expression. Cambridge University Press. (55-77)
Leventhal, H. and Mosbach, P. (1983). A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In T.J. Cacioppo and R.E. Petty (Eds), Social Psychophysiology: A source book, New York Guilford. ( ).
Mayer, J.D. and Salovey (1997) “Definition of emotional intelligence”. In P. Salovey, M.A. Brackett, and J.D. Mayer, (Eds) (2007). Emotional intelligence: Key readings on the Mayer and Salovey model. Quality Books, Inc. (88)

49. References 3
Ortony, A. and Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review. Vol. 97. ( ).
Oxford Dictionary. (2012). [on line] Available at: University Press.
Papageorgiou, C. and Wells, A. (2003). An empirical test of a clinical meta cognitive model of rumination and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research. Vol. 27 ( )
Paulhus, D.L. and Williams, K.M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism. Machiavellianism and psychopathy, Journal of research in personality. Vol. 36. ( ).
Petrides, K. V. (2011). Ability and trait emotional intelligence. In: T. Chamorro- Premuzic, A. Furnham, and S. von Stumm (Eds.), The Blackwell-Wiley handbook of individual differences, New York: Wiley.
Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality. Vol. 15. ( ).
Salovey, P. Brackett, M.A. and Mayer, J.D. (2004). Emotional Intelligence: Key Readings on the Mayer and Salovey Model, Dude Publishing.
Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality Vol. 9. ( ).
Solomon R.C. (2010). The Philosophy of emotions. In M.D. Lewis, J.M. Haviland Jones, L. Feldman Barett, (eds). Hand book of emotions (3rd ed). Guilford Press
Thamm, R.A. (2006). The classifications of emotion. In J.E. Stets and J.H. Turner (eds), Handbook of the sociology of emotions, New York, Springer
Thayer, R.E. (1996). The origin of everyday moods: Managing energy, tension, and stress. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wade, C. and Tavris, C. (2006). Psychology (8th Ed) Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall.

50. End
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