1. Mobile IP for Mobile Ad hoc Networks
GROUP - 9
Sridivya Rapuru
Sravani Singirikonda
Vikram Siripuram
Rishi Remesh Ranjini

2. Ad Hoc Network Does not require a central base station
Reactive (On Demand) Network
Does not require a central base station
Temporary network connection for single session.

3. AODV – Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector
Issues arise when Ad Hoc networks integrated with internet.
Pure wireless communication also has limitation in that radio signals are subject to interference and radio frequency higher than 100 MHz rarely propagate beyond line of sight.
MIPMANET resolves some of the major issues and concerns in this case by :
Providing multi-hop wireless network.

4. MANET – Internet Access
Issues arise when Mobile Ad Hoc networks integrated with internet :
Pure wireless communication also has limitation in that radio signals are subject to interference and radio frequency higher than 100 MHz rarely propagate beyond line of sight.
MIPMANET resolves some of the major issues and concerns in this case by :
Providing multi-hop wireless network.

5. MANET – Internet Access Routing and Addressing
Keeping track of internet host is not required as it is a temporary connection.
Ad hoc network does not need to have a link layer connection between it’s nodes.
Dynamic routing protocols seem to be more efficient in adhoc networks.

6. Issues with Multi-Hop Communication.
link- layer connectivity is absent in ad hoc networks.
Multi-Hop communication is used in forwarding packets.
Ad Hoc network routing protocol is used.
PROBLEMS :
Broadcast cost will be high
Overhead in movement detection.

7. Issues with On-Demand Routing
When Mobile IP is made to operate in a on-demand (Reactive) it leads to some negative affects :
Visiting nodes have less information about foreign agent’s existence .
Network suffers flooding from agent discovery and solicitation messages from nodes that do not use mobile IP.

8. Types of Ad hoc Networks
Quasi- Static Ad hoc Network :
Nodes are portable or static
Consists of many sensors spread in geographical area
Sensors are used for handling mobile communication , processing signals and transferring data
Low setup and administration cost
eg : Sensor Networks

9. Types of Ad hoc Networks
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET):
Nodes move relatively fast as the entire network is mobile
Network topologies are dynamic
Each device acts as a router for transferring traffic
Types of MANETS :
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET)
Intelligent Vehicular Ad hoc Network (In VANET)
Internet Based Mobile Ad hoc Network (iMANET)

10. Advantages of MANET Self organizing and adaptive
Supports peer to peer communications
Reduced cost
Can be easily deployed
Less dependent on infrastructure
Supports peer to remote communication

11. Applications of MANET
Military battle field : maintain network information between military personals’, vehicles and headquarters.
Emergency Services
Education : When meetings or lectures are conducted
Personal Area Networks
Information Services : location dependent and time dependent services

12. MIPMANET
Goal is to provide Internet access to nodes in ad hoc networks.
Uses Mobile IP FA’s as access points to internet.
Ad hoc routing protocol is used to deliver packets.
AODV,DSR,DSDV etc. are some of the routing protocols that can be used between FA and VN.

13. AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Protocols like AODV,DSR are on demand routing protocols.(which looks for a route upon demand to send a packet).
DSR uses source routing while AODV doesn’t. Thus, AODV avoids the problems in DSR.
AODV is reactive(on demand) and is more widely used.

14. AODV BETWEEN FA & VN In our networks
VN are mobile nodes.(they keep moving)
topology of the networks keep changing frequently.
More efficient to use protocols that can find the routes
(FA  VN) only when there is a packet to send.
AODV is one protocol which serves the same purpose.

15. MIPMANET WORKS AS:
Nodes in Ad hoc network use home address to access internet.
To send packet to a node on internet first tunnel the packet to registered FA.
To receive packet from host, it is first routed to FA and FA then delivers it to the Mobile Node.

16. Advantages of having FA as Access Point
Easy to provide internet access to all nodes in ad hoc network using single COA(address of FA).
Nodes can have internet access in any network as long as there exists FA in the network.
Node can be reached in the network using it’s home address registered with FA.

17. TUNNELING
Adding tunneling to MIP MANET enables to use ad hoc routing protocols like AODV,DSR etc.
Packets with destination address is not in ad hoc network are tunneled to FA.
Only registered VN have the address of FA(which is Access Point).
Limited traffic in the network i.e. incoming = packet from VN’s HA  FA and outgoing = packet from VN  FA.

18. AFFECTS OF MIPMANET ON MOBILE IP
Periodic Agent Advertisements i.e. to avoid flooding beacon period was set high.(Availability of FA is known less frequently).
Movement Detection algorithms like LCS,ECS fail because the movement of node is unknown.
MIP MANET uses hop count to check for node.
MIPMANET Cell Switching: Switch to new FA if it has <= (current hops to FA -2).

19. MIPMANET Cell Switching (MMCS)
Some of the movement detection methods used in Mobile IP
LCS (Lazy Cell Switching)
ECS (Eager Cell Switching)
In case of MIPMANET these fail because of the limitations:
LCS – Node should be with same FA for most of time.(Bad for Ad hoc networks)
ECS – Nodes move in straight line.(No switching)
MIPMANET uses MMCS(= ECS + switching)
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20. MMCS All five nodes are registered with FAI. Node E moves toward FA2.
FA2 has sent 2 agent adv. into the N/W. Nodes D and E have decide d to switch to FA2.
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21. REGISTATION AND DATAGRAM DELIVERY
Unlike in Mobile IP, Request and Reply travel multiple hops.
In case of multi hop request FA has link layer address of last intermediate hop.
Hence use ad hoc routing protocol to forward packets from FA  VN.
If visiting node(VN)  FA connection is lost then remove entry to FA directly and all other destinations that can be tunneled through that FA.

22. MIPMANET INTERNETWORKING UNIT(MIWU)
Collection of all the new functionality of FA.
Added between FA and Ad hoc network.
Two ways to add:
Either on same link as FA.
Or put on FA itself.
MIWU transforms Mobile IP’s link layer communication into network layer and vice versa.

23. CONCLUSION
MIPMANET = Mobile IP + Ad hoc networking. Result = enhanced mobility.
No changes to FA’s functionality(just add MIWU).
Broadcast agent advertisements helps to connect to closest FA(and access internet).
Transparency of interaction between routing protocol and Mobile IP.
Nodes that are not using Mobile IP have not affect on them.(they see network as standalone)
MIPMANET allows VN to have internet access without involving lot of changes to be made.