1. This struggle quickly became known as the COLD WAR.
Origins of the Cold War
EASTERN BLOC
WESTERN BLOC
United States supported by Western democracies and noncommunist nations.
Soviet Union and its allies of communist
Countries.

2. Political Cartoon
Origins of the Cold War

3. Two sides were very different…
Origins of the Cold War
Two sides were very different…
Completely different economic and political systems
Each side believed that its system should be the model for European reconstruction.
Each side was concerned about future security.
CCCP is the Russian abbreviation for USSR

4. The “Iron Curtain” Origins of the Cold War
In a March 5, 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri -Winston Churchill said that “…an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent …”
…became a short-hand reference to the division of Europe as the Cold War strengthened.
The Iron Curtain served to keep people in and information out of communist controlled countries.

5. Political Cartoon
Origins of the Cold War

6. The USA after World War II
The end of WWII in 1945, marked a turning point in U.S. history by taking an active role in world affairs
The USA became a leader in the United Nations & World Bank
The U.S. occupied & helped rebuild Japan after the war
The U.S. helped found Israel as a Jewish nation in the Middle East

7. United Nations Member Nations
United Nations Headquarters is in New York City

9. The Cold War
The most important change in U.S. foreign policy after WWII was the beginning of the Cold War
The Cold War was an era of distrust & hostility between the USA & USSR from
It was an era of competing ideologies: The USA promoted democracy & capitalism while the USSR tried to spread communism

11. Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution in 1917
Causes of the Cold War
During WWII, the USA & USSR worked together to defeat the Axis Powers, but
In the 1920s, Americans feared the spread of Communism during the “Red Scare”
The USA sent troops to fight the “Red Army” during the Russian Civil War
After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin became dictator of the USSR & started his Five Year Plans
Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution in 1917

12. Causes of the Cold War
WWII increased hostilities between the USA & the USSR:
The U.S. & USSR emerged from the war as rival superpowers
The development of the atomic bomb gave the USA a monopoly on nuclear weapons

13. WWII increased hostilities between USA & USSR
But Stalin never did; By the time of the Potsdam Conference, Stalin began extending his control over Eastern Europe
At the Yalta Conference, Stalin agreed to allow self-determination in Eastern Europe
Stalin refused to remove his military or allow free election in Eastern Europe
As a result, Eastern European nations turned to Communism & became Soviet satellites—nations influenced by the USSR (the “Eastern bloc”)

14. At the end of the war, Germany was divided into a zone occupied by the USSR (which became East Germany) & a zone occupied by the USA, Britain, & France (West Germany)

16. Capitalism & Democracy
The Iron Curtain
Capitalism & Democracy
Communism & Totalitarianism
The USA began to view Stalin in the 1940s as a new Hitler—a dangerous dictator who wanted to take over the world

17. United States aids Europe…
Origins of the Cold War
United States aids Europe…
Civil war broke out in Greece in 1944 between communists and conservatives.
GB had intervened and declared a truce.
In 1946 the communists renewed the war.
In February 1947, the British told Truman they could no longer afford to keep their soldiers in Greece.

18. In 1947, the U.S. began a policy of Containment to stop the spread of Communism by the USSR
When the USSR began pressuring Greece & Turkey to turn communist, the USA created the Truman Doctrine: U.S. economic & military aid to any country threatened by communism
“A long-term, patient but firm, and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist policies… will eventually force the USSR to live in peace with the West”
—Secretary of State, George Marshall
The Truman Doctrine worked & neither Greece nor Turkey fell to communism

19. Truman Doctrine Origins of the Cold War
Declared the US must consider the continued spread of communism to be a threat to democracy
The US would support free peoples resisted takeover by communism
Asked Congress to provide $400 million to help defend Greece and Turkey from communist aggression

20. Origins of the Cold War Visual Source
This illustration from the July 16, 1948, U.S. News magazine shows the beginnings of American containment policy. The U.S. is seen sending troops, advisors and weapons to Turkey in hopes that the country will resist communism and remain democratic.

21. CONTAINMENT Origins of the Cold War
We would NOT stamp out communism
where it already existed. But if a country requested assistance to
prevent a communist takeover,
We would offer materials, money, and
technical assistance.
The United States committed itself to
restrict or contain the spread of communism.
CONTAINMENT

22. By 1952, Western Europe recovered & Communism never took root
In 1947, the U.S. began a policy of Containment to stop the spread of Communism by the USSR
European nations had difficulty recovering after WWII which led to fears of communism in Europe
The U.S. created the Marshall Plan: offered $13 billion to help rebuild post-war Europe
By 1952, Western Europe recovered & Communism never took root

23. Marshall Plan to Aid Europe 1948-1952

24. Marshall Plan Origins of the Cold War
On June 5, 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall announced the European Recovery Program.
To avoid antagonizing the Soviet Union, Marshall announced that the purpose of sending aid to Western Europe was completely humanitarian, and even offered aid to the communist states in the east.
… created an economic miracle in Western Europe. By the target date of the program four years later, Western European industries were producing twice as much as they had been the year before war broke out.

25. The Cold War In Europe
How did the Soviets react to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan?
American capitalist plot to dominate Europe
What was their response?
Formation of the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)
Tightened its grip on Eastern Europe

26. In 1947, the U.S. began a policy of Containment to stop the spread of Communism by the USSR
In 1948, the USSR used military force to turn Czechoslovakia to communism; This led to fears that Stalin would use similar tactics in Western Europe
In 1949, the USA formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): a military alliance among democratic countries (also result of Berlin Blockade)

27. NATO was one of many alliances the USA would form with democratic nations over the course of the Cold War
NATO
Communist Bloc

28. The Berlin Blockade
In 1948, the USSR responded to Containment by cutting off all traffic to Berlin in East Germany
The USA began the Berlin Airlift to bring food, fuel, & supplies to keep West Berlin from turning to Communism
The standoff lasted 2 weeks until Stalin lifted the blockade
First conflict of the Cold War

30. To limit the expansion of the Soviet Union.
The main purpose of the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the Berlin Airlift were?
To limit the expansion of the Soviet Union.

31. Reorganizing the Government
The new air force was the preferred military agency of the Cold War because airplanes could drop nuclear bombs if needed
By 1947, the U.S. gov’t created 3 new agencies during the Cold War
Dept of Defense to direct the Army & Navy; The military created the Air Force
Central Intelligence Agency to collect & manage information among all gov’t agencies
Nat’l Security Council to advise the president on nat’l security

33. The Cold War Expands

34. The Soviets responded with their own hydrogen bomb in 1953
The Nuclear Arms Race
The Soviet atomic bomb motivated the USA to regain its nuclear advantage; In 1952, the U.S. tested the 1st hydrogen bomb (1,000 times more powerful than the a-bomb)
The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons technology ended in 1949 when the USSR successfully tested their own atomic bomb
The Soviets responded with their own hydrogen bomb in 1953

35. The Cold War in Asia
Containment stopped communism in Europe, but by the late 1940s the Cold War spread to Asia:
Since the 1930s, Communist Mao Zedong fought democratic leaders for control of China
In 1949, Mao gained control & turned China to communism
Americans blamed President Truman for “losing China”
Truman “lost” China after a

36. Based upon this chart, why were Mao & the Communists so popular among the Chinese people?

37. The Cold War in Asia
America’s response to the fall of China was to more aggressively confront Communism in the world
The U.S. expanded the military & stockpiled nuclear weapons
The USA feared that China would influence its neighbors to turn communist (“domino theory”)
In 1950, the U.S. fought the Korean War to stop communism

38. In 1950, North Korea crossed the 38° & attacked South Korea
The USA led a United Nations intervention to stop North Korea
But, when the USA pushed too close to China, the Chinese Army entered the war & helped North Korea
By 1953, a ceasefire stopped the fighting & the 38° was restored as the boundary between North & South Koreas
After WWII, Korea was divided along the 38° with Communists in the North & democracy in the South

39. The USA stopped the spread of Communism into South Korea, but in 1954, Communist Ho Chi Minh began a war to gain independence for Vietnam

40. Conclusions After World War II, U.S. foreign policy changed:
The U.S. became a superpower that actively intervened in world affairs
The Cold War increased military spending, nuclear weapons, & fears of a war with the USSR
President Truman successfully “contained” Communism in Europe but seemed to fail in Asia