1. TV History (Part II)
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2. Television in Canada No stations before 1952 100,000+ watching US TV
Business complaints
Business complaints
--re: CBC/radio broadcasting; delayed TV
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3. Massey Commission (1949-51) Vincent Massey Federal Cultural Policy
High Culture
democracy
critical-thinking citizens
US mass culture
Public broadcasting
CBC-controlled
High culture
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4. CBC: Broadcaster/Regulator 1952-58
Public-private model
similar to radio
2 CBC stations (Tor, Mon)
private affiliates
Why?
geography
Demography
US TV
TV productions costs
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5. Rapid Growth 1960: 6 CBC stations
41 private stations
TV signals in reach of 90% of population
1961: 83% homes w/ TV
6 hours daily viewing
High cost of TV set
One-station-per-city rule
CBC is only network until 1961
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6. Cable TV Antennae/co-axial cable bring signals to home
1950s: rural areas
1964: 4% of homes
Why Slow Growth?
Phone Companies
State/CRTC Regulation
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7. Cable TV: Growth Years Cabled households: Slower in US 1970 42%% %
Slower in US
Cable/network transmission allowed in early 1970s
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8. TV Viewing (1960) CBC: 48 hrs/week programming
affiliates carry CBC service
Popular US shows (Walt Disney, Leave it to Beaver)
Don Messer, Hockey Night in Canada
Time Regulator/ Dayparts
daytime; after-school; primetime,
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9. CBC & Advertising (Rutherford)
Early 1950s: limited role
Growing reliance: by late 1950s
half shows ad sponsored
Advertising pays 41% of expenses
Why?
Program production
TV set tax waning
Few foreign sales
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10. TV Advertising (Rutherford)
“‘Show window” in home
‘personalized’, ‘face-to-face’ selling
Steady, not rapid, growth
12% of ad total (1971)
national, not local
hourly restrictions (12 min)
high prod. & air-time costs
Indirect to Direct (spot) ads 2.
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11. US TV Content & CDA Global US Celebrity Culture
Higher Production Values
US imports
“I Love Lucy”; “Jackie Gleason” on CBC
CDN shows predominate
news, public affairs, sports
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12. CDN Content Regulations (1960)
55% broadcast time as CDN shows
cheap CDN game shows
Showdown, Party Game, Let’s Make a Deal,
“Imports cost less and earn more” 1.
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13. CDN Content Regulations (recent)
Today: 60% overall (50% 6-12PM) for Broadcast TV
Canadian Audio-Visual Certification Office (CAVCO) & CanCon
Specialty Channels Differ (e.g. MuchMusic)
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14. Broadcasting Act, 1968 Canadian Radio-Television Commission
1976- Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
regulatory agency -private/public broadcasting
regulate cable TV
stronger Canadian content rules
‘arms-length’ role from government
1976: Telecommunications Commission act expands CRTC's jurisdiction to include federally regulated common carriers.
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MIT2000

15. CRTC (Today) Regulate “all aspects” of CDN broadcasting system
TV, cable distribution, AM/FM radio, pay/specialty TV; Direct-to-Home satellite
ca. 3,300 broadcasters
--Price Regulation (Cable Rates; Specialty Channel Rates)
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16. Objectives of Broadcast Regulation
Technology (Spectrum)
Access
From “Quality” to CDN Content
Domestic Production/ Cultural Industry
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17. Specialty TV (Pay, Pay-Per-View)
Require cable/satellite
not over-the-air transmission
Subscription revenues (plus advertising)
Narrowcasting
market segmentation
Life Magazine to “Men’s Health” magazine
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18. TSN, YTV, Much highly profitable
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19. MuchMusic (1984-) Wagman Sound recording industry
Federal Cultural policy
cultural nationalism to cultural industries
Broadcasters (CHUM)
Political Economy
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20. McLuhan/Medium Theory
Oral Culture
Literate/Print Culture
Electronic Culture
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21. Oral Culture/McLuhan Ear culture/speech Closed society
Interdependent
Communal
Circularity, Cyclical
Balance of senses
Time-bias
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22. Literate/Print Culture
Eye over Ear
Shared to separate experiences
Introspective/abstract thinking
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23. Literate/Print Culture
Circular to Linear
Homogeneity/
Standardization
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24. Electronic Culture/ McLuhan
Re-tribalization
Radio/TV
Secondary orality
Sensory experiences
Words (again) as events, not object
from separate to shared spheres
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25. Electronic Culture/ McLuhan
Less-hierarchical
Participatory
Decentralized
Strong effect in West
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26. Electronic: Hot/Cool Radio: Hot TV: Cool Communication Style
Hitler, FDR
TV: Cool
JFK, P. Trudeau
Communication Style
Hot: Passive audiences
Cool: Active audiences
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27. CBC: “The World is a Global Village”
Discuss: cell phone calling and texting
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