1. Table of Contents Measuring Matter Book K – Ch 1.1pgs 16-20
States of Matter
Changes in Matter
Gas Behavior
Book K – Ch 1.1pgs 16-20
Book K – Ch 2.1 pgs -
Book K – Ch 2.2 pgs 48-53
Book K – Ch 2.3 pgs -

2. Ch. 1 Sec. 2 “Measuring Matter” Book K – pgs 16-20
International System of Units - The system of units (SI) used by scientists to measure the properties of matter.
Weight - A measure of the force of gravity on an object.
Mass - A measure of how much matter is in an object.
Measured in units such as gram (g), kilogram (kg)
Unlike weight, mass does not change with location, even when the force of gravity on an object changes.

3. Ch. 1 Sec. 2 “Measuring Matter” Book K – pgs 16-20
Volume - The amount of space that matter occupies.
Common units of volume include the liter (L), milliliter (mL), and cubic centimeter (cm³).
Volume = length x width x height
The volume of an irregular object can be found by submersing it in water and calculating the change in water level.
Density - The mass of a material in a given volume.
Density = Mass Volume
Measured in g/cm³ or g/mL
Water has a density of 1 g/cm³

4. - Measuring Matter
Calculating Density
A small block of wood floats on water. It has a mass of
200 g and a volume of 250 cm3. What is the density of the wood?
Read and Understand
What information are you given?
Mass of block = 200 g
Volume of block = 250 cm3

5. Calculating Density - Measuring Matter
A small block of wood floats on water. It has a mass of
200 g and a volume of 250 cm3. What is the density of the wood?
Plan and Solve
What quantity are you trying to calculate?
The density of the block = ?
What formula contains the given quantities and the unknown quantity?
Density = Mass / Volume
Perform the calculation.
Density = Mass / Volume = 200 g / 250 cm3
= 0.80 g/cm3

6. Calculating Density - Measuring Matter
A small block of wood floats on water. It has a mass of
200 g and a volume of 250 cm3. What is the density of the wood?
Look Back and Check
Does your answer make sense?
The density is lower than 1.0g/cm3, which makes sense because the block can float.

7. Calculating Density Practice Problem - Measuring Matter
A sample of liquid has a mass of 24 g and a volume of 16 mL. What is the density of the liquid?
1.5 g/mL

8. Calculating Density Practice Problem - Measuring Matter
A piece of solid metal has a mass of 43.5 g and a volume of 15 cm3. What is the density of the metal?
2.9 g/cm3

9. Click the Video button to watch a movie about density.
- Measuring Matter
Density
Click the Video button to watch a movie about density.

10. More on Measuring Matter
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about measuring matter.

11. Ch 2.1 “States of Matter” - Solids
The three main states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases.
They can be found in nature as elements, compounds, or mixtures.
Solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.
A result of closely packed arrangement of particles
Two types of solids: crystalline and amorphous
Crystalline solids – are made up of atoms that form regular repeating patterns (crystals)
Ex: salt, sugar, and snow
Amorphous solids – have the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.
Ex: plastics, rubber, and glass

12. Ch 2.1 “States of Matter” - Liquids
Liquids - have a definite volume but no shape of its own
A result of particles are free movement
Liquid is a fluid (a substance that flows.)
Surface tension – the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together.
Ex: water droplets pulling together on a smooth surface
Viscosity - a liquid’s resistance to flowing.
Honey = high viscosity; Water = low viscosity

13. Ch 2.1 “States of Matter” - Gases
Gases – are fluids that can change shape and volume
As they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the space available.

14. Ch. 2 Sec. 2 “Changes of States” Book K pgs 48-53
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
Melting – The change in state from a solid to a liquid.
In pure substances it occurs at an exact temperature called the melting point.
Melting point of pure water = 0ºC
Energy (heat) that is added to the stationary molecules cause them to vibrate.
At melting point, the particles of a solid substance are vibrating so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.

15. Ch. 2 Sec. 2 “Changes of States” Book K pgs 48-53
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
Freezing – The change of state from liquid to solid
At its freezing point, the particles of a liquid are moving so slowly that they begin to form regular patterns
Freezing point of pure water = 0ºC

16. Ch. 2 Sec. 2 “Changes of States” Book K pgs 48-53
Changes Between Liquid and Gas
Vaporization – change from liquid to gas
Liquid particles gain enough energy to form a gas
Two types – evaporation and boiling
Evaporation – vaporization that takes place on the surface of a liquid
Boiling – vaporization both at and below the surface
Boiling point – temperature at which liquid boils
Is dependent on air pressure – the lower the pressure, the less energy is needed to make the molecules boil
Ex: Sea Level – water boils at 100ºC;
Denver (1600m) – water boils at 95ºC

17. Ch. 2 Sec. 2 “Changes of States” Book K pgs 48-53
Changes Between Liquid and Gas
Condensation – change from gas to liquid
Occurs when particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid
Ex: Clouds
NOTE: Water vapor is invisible. Clouds, Fog, and Steam are all liquid droplets of water suspended in the air.

18. Ch. 2 Sec. 2 “Changes of States” Book K pgs 48-53
Changes Between Solid and Gas
Sublimation – occurs when particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a gas
They do not pass through a liquid state
Ex: Dry ice (frozen CO2)

19. Temperature and Changes of State
A beaker of ice at –10ºC was slowly heated to 110ºC. The changes in the temperature of the water over time were recorded. The data were plotted on the graph shown here.

20. Temperature and Changes of State
Reading Graphs:
What two variables are plotted on the graph?
Temperature (ºC) on the y-axis, time (minutes) on the x-axis

21. Temperature and Changes of State
Reading Graphs:
What is happening to the temperature of the water during segment C of the graph?
The temperature is rising from 0ºC to 100ºC.

22. Temperature and Changes of State
Interpreting Data:
What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D?
Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water

23. Temperature and Changes of State
Drawing Conclusions:
What change of state is occurring during segment B of the graph? For segment D?
Change from solid to liquid; change from liquid to gas

24. Temperature and Changes of State
Inferring:
In which segment, A or E, do the water molecules have more thermal energy? Explain your reasoning.
Water molecules in segment E have more thermal energy because they are at a higher temperature.

25. Data Sharing Lab - Changes of State
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about sharing data for the Skills Lab Melting Ice.

26. Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases
Gases can easily contract or expand.
When working with a gas, it is helpful to know its volume, temperature, and pressure.
When gases, such as helium are pressed tightly together (compressed), the volume decreases.
Volume- the amount of space that matter fills.
Volume is measured in cubic centimeters (cm3), milliliters (mL), liters (L), and other units.

27. Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases
Temperature- a measure of the average energy of random motion of the particles of a substance.
Increased speed = Increased energy = Increased temp
Ex. The faster you rub your hands together, the warmer they become

28. Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases
Particles are constantly colliding with one another, and in a gas, they are also colliding with the walls of their container
When you push on a wall, you are applying pressure
Pressure- the force of the outward push of a gas divided by the area of the walls of the container
Ex. A punctured basketball deflates as gas particles begin to escape.

29. Using Formulas - Gas Behavior
Pressure can be calculated using the formula below. Force is measured in newtons (N). If area is measured in square meters (m2), pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa).
Pressure = Force / Area
For example, a machine exerts a force of 252 N on a piston having an area of m2. What is the pressure in pascals on the piston?
Pressure = 252 N/0.430 m2 = 586 Pa

30. Using Formulas Practice Problem - Gas Behavior
A trash compactor exerts a force of 5,600 N over an area of m2. What pressure in pascals does the compactor exert?
P = 5,600 N/0.342 m2 = 16,374 Pa

31. Boyle’s Law - measures the volumes of gases at different pressures
Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law - measures the volumes of gases at different pressures
Named after Robert Boyle
Found that when the pressure of a gas at a constant temperature is increased, the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased the volume increases.
This relationship between pressure and volume of a gas is known as Boyle’s law.

32. - Gas Behavior
Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law
As weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure increases.

33. Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases Pressure and Temperature
Remember….heat = energy = movement
The faster gas particles move, the more frequently they collide with the walls of their container and the greater the force of their collisions
When the temperature of a gas at a constant volume is increased, the pressure of the gas increases. When the temperature is decreased, the pressure of the gas decreases.
Temperature  (and volume stays same) = Pressure 
Constant volume can occur in a closed ridged container

34. Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases Pressure and Temperature
- Gas Behavior
Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases Pressure and Temperature
When a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more often with each other and with the walls of their container. The pressure of the gas increases.

35. Book K Ch 2.3 pgs(55-61)-Measuring Gases Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law
Jacques Charles – experimented with hydrogen balloons. He kept pressure constant and observed the changes temperature had on volume.
Charles’s Law - When the temp of a gas is increased at constant pressure, its volume increases. When the temp of a gas is decreased at constant pressure, its volume decreases.
Temperature  (and pressure stays same) = Volume 

36. Gas Laws Activity - Gas Behavior
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about gas laws.