1. MCU – Microcontroller Unit – 1
MCU  1 chip or VLSI core – application-specific
Md. Atiqur Rahman Ahad

2. We use more number of microcontrollers compared to microprocessors.
Microprocessors are primarily used for computational purpose,  whereas microcontrollers find wide application in devices needing real time processing / control. 
Embedded system: is a system whose principal function is not computational, but which is controlled by a computer embedded within it.

3. The microprocessor is a processor on one silicon chip.
The microcontrollers are used in embedded computing.
The microcontroller is a microprocessor with added circuitry.

4. Do HW with block diagrams
Processor?
Microprocessor?
Microcomputer?
Microcontroller?
Embedded system?
Sensor?
What is inside a calculator? Smartphone? iPad? Laptop? Desktop PC? Supercomputer? Clustered computing system?

5. What is an Embedded System?
A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function.
In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case of an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer.
Examples range from washing machines, cellular phones to missiles and space shuttles.

6. Microcontroller (MCU)
Embedded Systems
Operations managed behind the scenes by a microcontroller
Microcontroller (MCU)
An integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports

7. What is an Embedded System?
Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a microprocessor) within their implementation.
A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility.
Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present.

8. Where are the embedded devices?
Mention the ubiquity of handheld devices and things that run on one battery

9. Killer apps! Communications  network routers, switches, hubs.
Children’s toys 
Fuel injection control, passenger environmental controls, anti-lock braking systems,
Air bag controls,
GPS mapping.
Automotive Navigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight attitude controls,
Engine controls, space exploration ……..

10. Appli! Application of microcontrollers are numerous.
Domestic applications such as in washing machines, TVs, air-conditioners,
Automobiles, process control industries, cell phones, electrical drives, robotics and in space applications.
Biomedical instruments
Communication systems
Controller, Control systems
Instrumentations: Data collection, oscilloscopes, signal generators, signal analyzers, power supplies.
Industrial: Elevator controls, surveillance systems, robots.
Home: Dishwashers, microwave ovens, VCRs, televisions, stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler controls, thermostats, cameras, clock radios, answering machines.
Printers, scanners, keyboards, displays, modems, hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives.

11. Embedded Rocks!
Embedded processors account for 100% of worldwide microprocessor production!
Embedded:desktop = 100:1

12. Embedded Systems is a big, fast growing industry
$ 40 billions in 2000
$92.0 billion in 2008
$158 billion in 2015
$169 billion in 2016
$221 billion in 2021
Embedded hardware was worth $89.8 billion in 2008 and is expected to reach $109.6 billion in 2013
Embedded software generated $2.2 billion in This should increase to $2.9 billion in 2013
Microprocessors/Microcontrollers are the core of embedded systems.

13. Read - http://www. strategyr

14. Information on embedded systems hardware including:
Processor IP (Intellectual Property): Key players include ARM and MIPS.
MPU/MCU: Microcontrollers and microprocessors.
DSP: Digital signal processors.
ASIC: Application-specific integrated circuit.
FPGA: Field processing gate arrays.
Embedded boards.

15. Examples: Refrigerator

16. Examples: Car Door

17. Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle

18. Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle

19. Microcontrollers

20. How to convert a microcomputer into a microcontroller?
 

21. Microcontroller Packaging and Appearance
From left to right: PIC 12F508, PIC 16F84A, PIC 16C72, Motorola 68HC05B16, PIC 16F877, Motorola 68000
Some slides above are from - Dr. Gheith Abandah

22. Types of MCU 8/16/32-bit mcu – internal bus & instruction size, ALU
Instruction sets – RISC/CISC
Complicated instruction set comp [CISC]
It has an instruction set that supports many addressing modes.
It offers flexibility in choosing various ways of performing the data transfer and ALU ops.
Reduced ISC [RISC]
Supports 1/2 addressing modes
Need many registers – so need less fetching from external memories for operations… so higher performance in computing than CISC… e.g., ARM

23. Types of MCU Memory architecture
Harvard mem  has a distinct mem address space for
Program mem &
Data mem
It has separate instructions ,
hence separate control signal[s], for data transfers from these two memories.
Princeton mem  has a common mem space for both. So no need for separate …

24. Types of MCU Family 8051 Motorola
Intel
Philips
Atmel
Siemens
Dallas
Motorola
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
Hitachi
Texas
ARM - Advanced RISC Machine (previously known as Acorn RISC Machine)
Others

25. Microcontrollers Microcontroller (MCU)
An integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports

26. Microcontrollers Support Devices Common communication lines Timers
A/D converter
Serial I/O
Common communication lines
System Bus

27. Block Diagram of Microcontroller
ELEC 330

28. Microprocessor (MPU)
MPU (CPU)
Read instructions
Process binary data

29. MPU-Based Systems System hardware System software Discrete components
Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O
Components connected by buses
Address, Data, and Control
System software
A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system

30. MCU-Based Systems
Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip
Buses are generally not available to a system designer
I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions

31. Microprocessor-Based Systems

32. MPU-Based Time and Temperature System

33. MCU-Based Time and Temperature System

35. MCU – Microcontroller Unit – 2
Md. Atiqur Rahman Ahad

36. Mechatronics
~ area of mechanical and electrical engineering – having integration of mechanics with electronics & information processing.
The integration – between hardware & software  results an integrated system called mechatronic system.
Microcontroller plays a major role in mechatronics

37. Selection of MCU Checklist 8/16/32 bit ALU Max. power dissipation
Clock speed needed
Instructions set  RISC/CISC

38. Selection of MCU… Checklist – Memory architecture Memory size
Cache, memory management unit, DSP calculations
Internal PROM/…
I/O ports
Cost

39. Selection of MCU… Additional checklists
Cost when single chip and when MCU interfaces to circuit with some features
Major building blocks of hardware cost and availability
Major building blocks of software cost and availability
Ease of integration
Design team expertise
Manpower

40. Internal structure of a MC

41. At times, a microcontroller can have external memory also (if there is no internal memory or extra memory interface is required).
Most modern microcontrollers are manufactured with CMOS technology, which leads to reduction in size and power loss.

42. Harvard vs. Princeton Architecture
In the late 1940's, the US Government asked Harvard and Princeton universities to come up with a computer architecture to be used in defense apps.
Princeton suggested computer architecture with a single memory interface.
Princeton architecture was accepted for simplicity and ease of implementation

43. Harvard suggested a computer with two different memory interfaces, one for the data / variables and the other for program / instructions.
Harvard architecture became popular later, due to the parallelism of instruction execution.

44. Von Neumann architecture?
Von Neumann architecture  after the name of the chief scientist of the project in Princeton University John Von Neumann ( Born in Budapest, Hungary).
How to remember?
PN [junction!]  Princeton Neumann

45. Princeton /single mem interface

46. Harvard architecture

47. Various companies Freescale semiconductor’s –x Motorola] 68HC11
Intel – 8051
Atmel – AVR
Zilong – Z8
Microchip technology – PIC
etc.

48. PIC – Peripheral Interface Controller by Microchip Tech. Corp.

49. PIC Microcontrollers
Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) was originally designed by General Instruments
In the late 1970s, GI introduced PIC® 1650 and 1655 – RISC with 30 instructions.
PIC was sold to Microchip
Features: low-cost, self-contained, 8-bit, Harvard structure, pipelined, RISC, single accumulator, with fixed reset and interrupt vectors.
Dr. Gheith Abandah

50. PIC Families PIC Family Stack Size Instruction Word Size
No of Instructions
Interrupt Vectors
12CX/12FX 2
12- or 14-bit 33
None
16C5X/16F5X
12-bit
16CX/16FX 8
14-bit 35 1
17CX 16
16-bit 58 4
18CX/18FX 32 75
‘C’ implies CMOS technology; Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
‘F’ insert indicates incorporation of Flash memory technology
Example: 16C84 was the first of its kind. It was later reissued as the 16F84, incorporating Flash memory technology. It was then reissued as 16F84A.
Dr. Gheith Abandah

51. 12 Series PIC
The small 12F508
Dr. Gheith Abandah

52. PIC 12F508/509 pin connection diagram
Dr. Gheith Abandah

53. The 12F508 Architecture
Dr. Gheith Abandah

54. Microchip is the no. 1 supplied of 8-bit microcontrollers!
8 pins
Small Data RAM
Few hundred bytes of on-chip (program [code]) ROM
One timer
Few pins for I/O ports
8-bit processor – CPU can work on only 8-bits of data at a time
Q: if data is larger than 8 bits?
 Break it into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU

55. PIC… - Upwardly compatible in terms of software, when going from one family to another family?
Not always – prob!
E.g.,
PIC12xxx has 12-bit wide instructions
PIC16xxx has 14-bit wide instructions
PIC18xxx has 16-bit wide instructions & many new instructions
*So, to run a prog in PIC18 – but written for PIC12
– we MUST recompile the prog, &
– possibly change some register locations before loading it into the PIC18.