IT’S STORY TIME ! UNIT 9 WORLD WAR II

IT’S STORY TIME ! UNIT 9 WORLD WAR II 1931-1945
Part 1 – America & the World Part 2 – World War II Begins Part 3 – The Holocaust Part 4 – America Enters the War Part 5 – Mobilizing For War Part 6 – The Early Battles Part 7 – Life on the Home Front Part 8 – Pushing the Axis Back Part 9 – The War Ends

PART 4 AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR

paid “CASH” & “TRANSPORTED” ARMS themselves
Q-19 Nov. 1939 NEUTRALITY ACT of 1939 The “controversial” 1939 REVISION of AMERICA’S “CASH & CARRY” policy allowed U.S. to… = SELL ARMS to ALLIES (warring nations) as long as they… paid “CASH” & “TRANSPORTED” ARMS themselves

but TRADE must still be…
NEUTRALITY ACT of 1939 ARMS EMBARGO repealed ! but TRADE must still be… “CASH & CARRY” NO U.S. SHIPS in WAR ZONE around BRITAIN NO LOANS to BELLIGERENTS may NOT TRAVEL on BELLIGERENT SHIPS NO ARMED MERCHANT SHIPS

NEUTRALITY ACT of 1939: FDR got CONGRESS to ALLOW HIM to SELL ARMS to BELLIGERENTS BUT… the ARMS could NOT be SHIPPED in AMERICAN SHIPS “THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA” CARTOON shows that… = the NEUTRALITY ACTS are PREVENTING the U.S. from GIVING AID that will HELP to FIGHT & WIN the WAR.

U.S. RESPONDED to FALL of FRANCE in June 1940 by…
= pledging MILITARY AID to BRITAIN while avoiding a DECLARATION of WAR Q-20

DESTROYER for BASES DEAL
Pres. ROOSEVELT’s GOALS… determined to give BRITISH PRIME MINISTER WINSTON CHURCHILL the DESTROYERS the BRITISH so desperately needed to block any GERMAN ATTEMPT to invade BRITAIN wanted right to build MILITARY BASES on BRITISH-held LAND- Newfoundland, Bermuda & islands in Caribbean REMEMBER - NEUTRALITY ACT = required CASH for purchases Since DEAL did NOT involve actual SALE… loophole = said NEUTRALITY ACT did NOT APPLY ! = ROOSEVELT bypassed provisions of NEUTRALITY ACT & traded 50 old DESTROYERS w-BRITAIN

= FDR justified his “DESTROYER for BASES” DEAL
with CHURCHILL in Sept by… = claiming that since “DEAL” did NOT involve ACTUAL SALE $$, the NEUTRALITY ACTS did NOT APPLY ! Q-21

across AMERICA between…
The GREAT DEBATE Spirited DEBATE across AMERICA between… INTERVENTIONISTS - wanted greater INVOLVEMENT & - ISOLATIONISTS opposed to any INTERVENTION or AID

= NEUTRALITY INTERVENTION v.
As the 1940 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN approached, the GREAT DEBATE divided our country & stirred BITTER CONTROVERSY regarding the ISSUE of… = NEUTRALITY v. INTERVENTION Q-22

FIGHT for FREEDOM COMMITTEE
= urged the REPEAL of ALL NEUTRALITY LAWS = wanted stronger ACTION against GERMANY

COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AMERICA BY AIDING the ALLIES
pressed for INCREASED AID to the ALLIES but OPPOSED ARMED INTERVENTION

COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AMERICA BY AIDING THE ALLIES
COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AMERICA BY AIDING THE ALLIES; GROUP WHO PUSHED FOR U.S. ENTRY INTO THE WAR AGAINST HITLER. PICTURE SHOWS A COMMITTEE MASS MEETING TO “MOBILIZE FOR PEACE” OR PREPARE FOR WAR NOW. THE POSTER ENCOURAGED AMERICANS TO WORK HARDER ON WAR PRODUCTION.

AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE
= staunchly ISOLATIONIST group = firmly OPPOSED to ANY INTERVENTION or AID to the ALLIES ! Famous MEMBERS included… Charles LINDBERGH, Sen. Gerald NYE & Sen. WHEELER attempted to influence ELECTIONS & PUBLIC OPINION in SUPPORT of ISOLATIONISM w-SPEECHES & PUBLICATIONS

Report of Sen. Gerald Nye’s Committee
AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE Original Four Principles: The United States must build an impregnable defense for America. No foreign power, nor group of powers, can successfully attack a prepared America. American democracy can be preserved only by keeping out of the European war. "Aid short of war" weakens national defense at home and threatens to involve America in war abroad. “World War I had been fought to save the skins of American bankers who had bet too boldly on the outcome of the war & had two billions of dollars of loans to the Allies in jeopardy.” Report of Sen. Gerald Nye’s Committee

AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE
represented… = ISOLATIONISTS that were firmly OPPOSED to ANY INTERVENTION or AID to the ALLIES Q-23

LINDBERG VISITING GERMANY, GETTING A MEDAL FROM HERMAN GOERING (CAN BE SPELLED WITH OR WITHOUT THE “E”), SECOND MOST POWERFUL MAN IN NAZI GERMANY. LINDBERG’S WIFE LOOKS ON ADORINGLY IN THE BACKGROUND. Herman GOERING & Charles LINDBERGH 2nd most powerful man in NAZI GERMANY

April 25, 1941

April 28, 1941

May 27, 1941

June 2, 1941

June 18, 1941

July 4, 1941

July 8, 1941

July 17, 1941

July 28, 1941

Sept. 9, 1941

Oct. 12, 1941

Dec. 3, 1941

FDR (Republican) re-elected by WIDE MARGIN !
ELECTION 1940 With U.S. in precarious position, many feared that CHANGE of LEADERS might not be in COUNTRY’s BEST INTEREST During CAMPAIGN, FDR steered careful course between NEUTRALITY & INTERVENTION = FDR (Republican) re-elected by WIDE MARGIN ! = FDR shatters 2-TERM TRADITION

3RD TERM PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT

= EDGING TOWARDS WAR FDR turned the NATION’s ATTENTION toward…
With the FALL of FRANCE, the 1940 ELECTION safely over, & increasingly concerned about BRITAIN’s critical NEED for MILITARY SUPPLIES, FDR turned the NATION’s ATTENTION toward… = providing the ALLIES with “ALL AID SHORT of WAR”

= The FOUR FREEDOMS & by NORMAN ROCKWELL
depicts FDR’s Jan. 6, 1941 SPEECH to CONGRESS in which he requested LEND-LEASE AID to ALLIES & spoke eloquently of the 4 FREEDOMS threatened by NAZI & JAPANESE AGGRESSION

“FOUR FREEDOMS” SPEECH
Jan. 6,1941- ADDRESS delivered by Pres. ROOSEVELT in his ANNUAL MESSAGE to CONGRESS ROOSEVELT called for a world founded on essential HUMAN FREED0MS… Freedom of SPEECH Freedom of WORSHIP Freedom from WANT Freedom from FEAR

In his FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH,
Q-24 FDR called for… = a WORLD founded on ESSENTIAL HUMAN FREEDOMS that are UNIVERSAL for ALL PEOPLE, regardless of NATIONALITY

set out a VISION for a WORLD in which WAR would be LESS LIKELY
MAIN PURPOSE of FDR’s FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH was to… = set out a VISION for a WORLD in which WAR would be LESS LIKELY Q-25

shift PUBLIC OPINION toward more DIRECT SUPPORT for GREAT BRITAIN
FDR presented his FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH in an EFFORT to… = shift PUBLIC OPINION toward more DIRECT SUPPORT for GREAT BRITAIN

establishing LEND-LEASE PROGRAM
By Dec. 1940, when GREAT BRITAIN had run out of FUNDS to wage WAR against GERMANY, Pres. ROOSEVELT came up w-WAY to remove “CASH” REQUIREMENT of NEUTRALITY ACT by… = establishing LEND-LEASE PROGRAM Q-26

LEND-LEASE ACT = = LEND-LEASE AID to BRITAIN
- approved by CONGRESS March 1941 = stated that U.S. could… LEND or LEASE ARMS to any COUNTRY considered “vital to the DEFENSE of the UNITED STATES” In 1941, Pres. ROOSEVELT began sending… LEND-LEASE AID to BRITAIN = ROOSEVELT’s way of getting ARMS to BRITAIN without BRITAIN having to… pay CASH for them !

Sept. 10, 1941

establishing LEND-LEASE PROGRAM
The U.S. agreed to help GREAT BRITAIN by… = establishing LEND-LEASE PROGRAM Q-27a

LEND-LEASE ACT = FDR justified his LEND-LEASE ACT by arguing that…
Q-27b LEND-LEASE ACT entitled… “An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the U.S.” FDR justified his LEND-LEASE ACT by arguing that… = sending an UNLIMITED AMOUNT of ARMS to BRITAIN would keep the U.S “OUT of WAR” rather than DRAG IT IN ! The U.S. would become the “GREAT ARSENAL of DEMOCRACY” to KEEP the BRITISH FIGHTING & make it “UNNECESSARY” for AMERICANS to go to WAR ! “Billions, not bodies” “Send guns, not sons”

they were AFRAID that it might draw the U.S. into WAR
AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE opposed FDR’s LEND-LEASE ACT because… = they were AFRAID that it might draw the U.S. into WAR Q-28

moved the U.S. further away from ISOLATIONISM & CLOSER to WAR !
Although FDR tried to convince AMERICANS otherwise, the LEND-LEASE ACT actually… = moved the U.S. further away from ISOLATIONISM & CLOSER to WAR ! Q-29

May 4, 1941

May 9, 1941

May 12, 1941

May 22, 1941

While SHIPMENTS of SUPPLIES to BRITAIN began immediately, the passing of the LEND-LEASE ACT also caused LEND-LEASE AID to be shipped to… = the SOVIET UNION

- in brazen VIOLATION of the NAZI-SOVIET PACT -
After calling OFF the INVASION of GREAT BRITAIN, HITLER returned to “ORIGINAL GOAL” of carving out “LEBENSRAUM” for GERMANY in EASTERN EUROPE. JUNE 1941 – HITLER , - in brazen VIOLATION of the NAZI-SOVIET PACT - = launched MASSIVE INVASION of SOVIET UNION !

Aug. 6, 1941

= & Although CHURCHILL - GREAT BRITAIN hated COMMUNISM
considered STALIN a HARSH DICTATOR, he vowed that… = any PERSON or STATE “who fights against NAZISM will have our AID” Pres. ROOSEVELT agreed & supported this POLICY !

STALIN joins the DEMOCRACIES BRITAIN & AMERICA
Unexpected Guest = STALIN joins the DEMOCRACIES BRITAIN & AMERICA

EUROPE: June 1941 ASK STUDENTS TO ANALYZE THE MAP. WHAT COUNTRY WILL BE HITLER’S NEXT TARGET? ANSWER: GREAT BRITAIN.

HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE ZONE “HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE ZONE”
GERMAN SUBMARINES patrolling the ATLANTIC OCEAN were sinking hundreds of thousands of tons of shipping each month…The BRITISH NAVY could not stop them. ROOSEVELT could NOT simply order the U.S. NAVY to protect BRITISH CARGO SHIPS, since the U.S. was still “technically” NEUTRAL. = FDR declared entire western half of ATLANTIC was part of WESTERN HEMISPHERE and, therefore, NEUTRAL ! FDR developed IDEA of “HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE ZONE” so that U.S. NAVY could… = patrol the now “NEUTRAL” WESTERN ATLANTIC = reveal locations of GERMAN submarines to the BRITISH ! Q-30

CHURCHILL & FDR MEET = AGREE on the POSTWAR WORLD ---THE ATLANTIC CHARTER ---

Text of the Atlantic Charter Text of the Atlantic Charter
home | search the site | sitemap home | search the site | sitemap Text of the Atlantic Charter Text of the Atlantic Charter The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill This is Churchill's edited copy of the final draft of the Atlantic Charter. This is Churchill's edited copy of the final draft of the Atlantic Charter. ATLANTIC CHARTER The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill ATLANTIC CHARTER: AUGUST 1941 AGREEMENT BETWEEN FDR AND CHURCHILL THAT SPELLED OUT THE HOPES FOR THE WORLD AFTER THE DEFEAT OF FASCISM

= ATLANTIC CHARTER = 1941 PLAN by FDR & CHURCHILL FREE from AGGRESSION
Q-31 Q-32 1941 PLAN by FDR & CHURCHILL ROOSEVELT & CHURCHILL outlined their HOPES for… = a POSTWAR WORLD of DEMOCRACY FREE from AGGRESSION Other GOALS included… FREE TRADE ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT FREEDOM of the SEAS Became the BASIS for… = the UNITED NATIONS !

was built on the IDEAS in the FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH
FDR’s FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH & the ATLANTIC CHARTER are related in that the ATLANTIC CHARTER … = was built on the IDEAS in the FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH Q-33

An “Incident” Quickly Presents Itself
In early SEPT., a GERMAN U-BOAT fired on the AMERICAN DESTROYER GREER which had been radioing the U-BOAT’s position to BRITISH. FDR responded by ordering AMERICAN SHIPS to follow a “SHOOT-ON-SIGHT” POLICY towards GERMAN SUBMARINES. = U.S. now involved in UNDECLARED WAR with GERMANY ! The GERMANS escalated hostilities w- U.S. the following month when they targeted 2 AMERICAN DESTROYERS. One, the REUBEN JAMES , broke in 2 after being torpedoed Sank in frigid waters of NORTH ATLANTIC – loss of 115 lives.

Sept. 25, 1941

Oct. 5, 1941

U.S. ARMING SHIPS - Oct. 17, 1941

U BOATS; GERMAN WORD FOR SUBMARINE
U BOATS; GERMAN WORD FOR SUBMARINE. THE GERMANS WERE USING THEIR SUBS TO SINK BRITISH SHIPPING AND STARVE THE UK INTO SURRENDERING. THEY WERE SINKING HUNDREDS OF SHIPS AND THE BRITISH NAVY COULD NOT STOP THEM NEUTRALITY PATROLS: FDR BEGAN HELPING BRITAIN FIGHT OFF THE U-BOAT THREAT. US WARSHIPS BEGAN CONVOYING SHIPS TO PROTECT THEM FROM U-BOATS

CHART of ALLIED MERCHANT SHIPS SUNK by GERMAN SUBMARINES (U-BOATS) from 1939-1945
CHART SHOWING LOSS OF ALLIED MERCHANT SHIPS TO GERMAN SUBMARINES. ASK STUDENTS WHY THE NUMBER OF SINKINGS OF MERCHANT SHIPS WENT DOWN WHILE THE NUMBER OF U BOAT SINKINGS WENT UP. ANSWER: THE ALLIES DEVELOPED NEW TECHNIQUES AND WEAPONS TO SINK U BOATS.

WHY WAS SHIP CONSTRUCTION SO IMPORTANT IN WINNING THE WAR
WHY WAS SHIP CONSTRUCTION SO IMPORTANT IN WINNING THE WAR? WHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPENED BETWEEN 1942 AND 1943 THAT REVERSED THE PATTERN OF MORE SUNK THAN BUILT? ANSWER:IMPROVED ALLIED ANTI SUBMARINE TECHNOLOGY AND MORE ESCORT VESSELS ALLOWED THE CONVOYS TO ARRIVE WITH LESS LOSSES.

DEFENSE SPENDING INCREASES as the U. S
DEFENSE SPENDING INCREASES as the U.S. REALIZES IT MUST PREPARE for EVENTUAL WAR AGAINST the AGGRESSORS DEFENSES SPENDING INCREASE: MONEY SPENT ON PREPARING FOR WAR ROSE FROM $1.7 BILLION ($20 BILLION IN 1999 $’S) TO $6 BILLION ($66 BILLION) IN 1941

The ROBIN MOOR was CLEARLY MARKED as MERCHANT VESSEL from the USA
ROBIN MOOR: UNARMED US MERCHANT SHIP THAT WAS SUNK BY GERMAN U-BOATS IN MAY OF HITLER CONSIDERED THE LEND LEASE ACT AS A DECLARATION THAT THE US WAS SIDING WITH THE UK IN THE WAR. The ROBIN MOOR was CLEARLY MARKED as MERCHANT VESSEL from the USA

CONVOYS increased the MERCHANT SHIPS CHANCES of SURVIVING the OCEAN VOYAGE
JULY 1941: FDR MADE THE DECISION FOR U.S. WAR SHIPS TO CONVOY MERCHANT SHIPS TO ICELAND. IT MEANT RISKING WAR WITH GERMANY. CONVOY: SENDING WARSHIPS TO GUARD MERCHANT SHIPS PROTECTING THEM FROM BEING SUNK BY ENEMY SUBMARINES.

AREA OF THE GREATEST DANGER FOR ALLIED MERCHANT SHIPS
AREA OF THE GREATEST DANGER FOR ALLIED MERCHANT SHIPS. NOTE LOCATION OF EVENTS

CONVOY ROUTES & ANTI-SUBMARINE AIR PATROLS
WWII GRAPHIC SHOWING VARIOUS FACETS OF THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC AS THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN ALLIED MERCHANT FLEETS AND GERMAN U-BOATS WAS KNOWN AS.

Oct. 21, 1941

Oct. 27, 1941

REPEAL the NEUTRALITY ACTS !
The sinking of the USS REUBEN JAMES on Oct. 31, 1941 by GERMANY convinced CONGRESS to… = REPEAL the NEUTRALITY ACTS ! SONG = “RUBEN JAMES” by JOHNNY HORTON Q-35

Nov. 25, 1941

ROAD to … PEARL HARBOR

= Aug. 1939 thru Dec. 1941 FDR’s PRIMARY GOAL
help BRITAIN & its ALLIES defeat GERMANY FDR knew that 1 of the problems that BRITAIN faced was the need to keep much of its NAVY in ASIA to protect BRITISH territories there from JAPANESE attack. As GERMAN SUBS began sinking BRITISH shipping, the BRITISH began moving WARSHIPS from SOUTHEAST ASIA to the ATLANTIC, leaving their EMPIRE vulnerable. In RESPONSE, FDR… introduced POLICIES to discourage the JAPANESE from attacking the BRITISH EMPIRE.

= FDR … 1940 EMPIRE of JAPAN in the PACIFIC,
In order to deter the increasingly aggressive EMPIRE of JAPAN in the PACIFIC, FDR … = deployed the U.S. NAVAL FLEET SAN DIEGO, CA from… PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII to…

= FDR … 1940 EMPIRE of JAPAN put ECONOMIC PRESSURE on JAPAN
JAPAN depended on the U.S. for many STRATEGIC MATERIALS = important for fighting a WAR Ex’s; scrap iron, steel, especially oil 1940 In order to deter the increasingly aggressive EMPIRE of JAPAN in the PACIFIC, FDR … = put ECONOMIC PRESSURE on JAPAN

= EXPORT CONTROL ACT July 1940 CONGRESS passed the
approximately 80% of JAPAN’s OIL came from U.S. July 1940 CONGRESS passed the EXPORT CONTROL ACT = gave ROOSEVELT the POWER to RESTRICT the SALE of STRATEGIC MATERIALS to other NATIONS FDR immediately BLOCKED the SALE of AIRPLANE FUEL & SCRAP IRON to JAPAN

July 1941 – OIL EMBARGO on JAPAN
July 1941 – OIL EMBARGO on JAPAN. Since JAPAN received 80% of its IMPORTS from the U.S., they were forced to MODIFY their CONSUMPTION. OIL ENBARGO: US STOPPED SELLING OIL TO JAPAN IN JULY OF JAPAN COULD NOT SURVIVE WITHOUT OIL. JAPAN’S CHOICES WERE EITHER TO DO WHAT THE US WANTED OR CAPTURE OIL FIELDS IN THE DUTCH EAST INDIES. IF THEY CAPTURED THE OIL FIELDS THEN LATER IT WOULD MEAN WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES. THEY CHOSE WAR SOONER RATHER THAN LATER. Using COAL to FUEL CARS Using HORSE CARTS for DELIVERIES to SAVE GAS

= When FDR blocked SALE of AIRPLANE FUEL
& SCRAP IRON to JAPAN after PASSAGE of EXPORT CONTROL ACT in July 1940, JAPAN was furious & responded by… = signing an ECONOMIC & MILITARY ALLIANCE with GERMANY & ITALY formally became MEMBER of AXIS POWERS

= = TRIPARTITE PACT GERMANY, ITALY & JAPAN… AXIS POWERS Sept. 27, 1940
mutual defense TREATY – ECONOMIC & MILITARY ALLIANCE - between GERMANY, ITALY & JAPAN… = AXIS POWERS Now OFFICIALLY recognized as the… Benito MUSSOLINI Adolph HITLER HIDEKI TOJO

= JAPAN withdrew from INDOCHINA & Pres. ROOSEVELT responded quickly…
By July 1941, JAPANESE had sent troops into southern INDOCHINA, posing DIRECT THREAT to BRITISH EMPIRE = JAPANESE AIRCRAFT now in position to… strike BRITISH SHIPPING in STRAIT of MALACCA & bomb HONG KONG & SINGAPORE Pres. ROOSEVELT responded quickly… froze ALL JAPANESE ASSETS in U.S. reduced amount of OIL being shipped to JAPAN sent Gen. McARTHUR to PHILIPPINES to build up AMERICAN DEFENSES there Pres. ROOSEVELT made it clear that he would LIFT OIL EMBARGO against JAPAN only if … = JAPAN withdrew from INDOCHINA made PEACE with CHINA &

With the WAR against CHINA
now in JEOPARDY because of a LACK of OIL & other RESOURCES = JAPANESE MILITARY began making PLANS to … attack “resource-rich” BRITISH & DUTCH COLONIES in SOUTHEAST ASIA seize the PHILIPPINES attack AMERICAN FLEET at PEARL HARBOR = could NOT risk leaving U.S. with NAVY in PACIFIC to oppose their PLANS !

Oct. 13, 1941

JAPAN wanted to cripple AMERICA’s PACIFIC FLEET at PEARL HARBOR so that …
= JAPAN could conquer SOUTHEAST ASIA & acquire the RAW MATERIALS they needed

EFFORTS to help BRITAIN in its WAR against GERMANY !
Ironically, JAPAN’s DECISION to attack the U.S. was DIRECT RESULT of FDR’s… So… = EFFORTS to help BRITAIN in its WAR against GERMANY ! Q-36

= AMERICA’s EMBARGO on STRATEGIC MATERIALS, especially OIL & STEEL
MOST IMMEDIATE CAUSE of JAPANESE ATTACK on PEARL HARBOR was … = AMERICA’s EMBARGO on STRATEGIC MATERIALS, especially OIL & STEEL Q-37

when called upon by country, was behind SNEAK ATTACK
ADMIRAL YAMAMOTO = did NOT want to… go to WAR w-U.S. However… when called upon by country, = was behind SNEAK ATTACK MASTERMIND on PEARL HARBOR led JAPANESE NAVY to… = early victories in WWII Isoroku YAMAMOTO

Dec. 5, 1941

ATTACK on PEARL HARBOR Dec. 7, 1941 = A date which will live in INFAMY

PEARL HARBOR – Dec. 7, 1941

PEARL HARBOR: ON DECEMBER 7, 1941 THE JAPANESE LAUNCHED A SNEAK ATTACK ON U.S. MILITARY FACILITIES IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. THE U.S. WAS CAUGHT UNPREPARED AND MUCH DAMAGE WAS DONE. SOUND IS THE ACTUAL CBS ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE ATTACK. CLICK TO HEAR THE SOUND.

DORIS “DORIE” MILLER WWII’s 1st RECOGNIZED AFRICAN AMERICAN HERO Famous for firing a 50 caliber Browning anti-aircraft machine gun for 15 minutes during the attack until he ran out of ammo. Ordinarily this is not unusual - except that DORIE was the Ships Cook! He was awarded the NAVY CROSS for his actions beyond the call of duty. HIGHLIGHTS OF HIS CAREER DORIE was the ship's heavyweight boxing champ on board the USS West Virginia. DORIE was awarded the Navy Cross by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, on board USS Enterprise at Pearl Harbor, May 27,1942, for heroism on board USS West Virginia during the Pearl Harbor Attack, Dec.7, DORIE was killed on Nov.24,1943 in the line of duty while serving in action on board the USS Liscome Bay (CVE-56)during Operation Galvanic, (the seizure of Makin and Tarawa Atolls in the Gilbert Islands). While cruising near Butaritari Island, a single torpedo from Japanese submarine I-175 struck the escort carrier near the stern. The aircraft bomb magazine detonated a few moments later, sinking the warship within minutes. In 1973, the USS Miller, a Knox-class frigate, was named in honor of DORIS MILLER.

After JAPAN attacked PEARL HARBOR, they thought AMERICA would avoid further conflict with them
Japan Times newspaper said AMERICA was “trembling in their shoes” But if AMERICA was trembling, it was with RAGE, not FEAR “REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR” was the rallying cry as AMERICA entered WWII

Admiral YAMAMOTO is said to have remarked…
When JAPANESE ENVOYS NOMURA & KURUSU delivered MESSAGE of JAPANESE ATTACK to Sec. of State Cordell HULL 1 hr. late – after ATTACK started ! , Admiral YAMAMOTO is said to have remarked… “I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant & fill him with great resolve.”

-Quoted in Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
“Yesterday, December 7, – a date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly & deliberately attacked by the naval & air forces of the empire of Japan… I believe I interpret the will of Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but we will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again… the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.” -Quoted in Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny

In RESPONSE to the BOMBING of PEARL HARBOR, FDR delivered a speech to CONGRESS in which he used the “now-famous” QUOTE… Q-38

DECEMBER 8TH 1941: THE US DECLARED WAR ON JAPAN
DECEMBER 8TH 1941: THE US DECLARED WAR ON JAPAN. SLIDE AND SOUND…FDR DECLARING WAR ON JAPAN.

JAPANESE ATTACK on PEARL HARBOR
= brought U.S. into WW II

U.S. formally entered WWII
Q-39 = after the JAPANESE ATTACK on PEARL HARBOR

= “The only thing now to do is to lick the hell out of them.”
ISOLATIONISM = now a thing of the past ! ISOLATIONIST SENATOR Burton WHEELER said… “The only thing now to do is to lick the hell out of them.”

Dec. 9, 1941

Called for WAR of VENGEANCE against TREACHEROUS AGGRESSOR
Throwing in an Extra Charge JAPANESE attack on PEARL HARBOR resulted in virulent HATRED of JAPAN among AMERICANS Called for WAR of VENGEANCE against TREACHEROUS AGGRESSOR ANTI-JAPANESE SENTIMENT remained stronger than ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT throughout the WAR

AIRCRAFT CARRIERS: THE MOST IMPORTANT WARSHIPS IN THE PACIFIC
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS: THE MOST IMPORTANT WARSHIPS IN THE PACIFIC. LUCKILY THE CARRIERS WERE NOT AT PEARL HARBOR WHEN THE JAPANESE ATTACKED. AIRCRAFT CARRIERS = MOST IMPORTANT WARSHIPS in PACIFIC. LUCKILY, the CARRIERS were NOT at PEARL HARBOR when the JAPANESE ATTACKED.

When the U.S declared WAR on JAPAN, GERMANY…
= declared WAR on the U.S. (Dec. 11, 1941), although they did NOT have to ! . NOTE - GERMANY had only pledged to come to the defense of JAPAN if JAPAN was “attacked by another nation”. = U.S. involved in WAR in EUROPE & the PACIFIC !

Admiral YAMAMOTO LOOKING AHEAD to… 1943
When U.S. decoded JAPANESE MESSAGE that included Admiral YAMAMOTO's ITINERARY… = U.S. ambushed his plane in SOUTH PACIFIC & killed him on April 18, 1943

DEATH of YAMAMOTO April 18, 1943 PAINTING by Sgt. Vaughn A. BASS based on information provided by Lt Col Thomas G. LANPHIER, Jr. = depicts LANPHIER's P-38 "LIGHTNING" FIGHTER shooting down the "BETTY" BOMBER carrying ADMIRAL YAMAMOTO - Another P-38 is attacking one of "ZERO" FIGHTERS that formed the ADMIRAL’s ESCORT

JAPAN’S WAR MINISTER, Hideki TOJO
HIDEKI TOJO: JAPAN’S WAR MINISTER WHO THOUGHT WAR BETWEEN THE U.S. AND JAPAN WAS INEVITABLE. HE WANTED JAPAN TO ATTACK FIRST BEFORE THE U.S. WAS MOBILIZED (PREPARED) FOR WAR. TOJO WAS HANGED AS A WAR CRIMINAL AFTER THE WAR. TOJO, after the WAR, on TRIAL for WAR CRIMES TOJO before the WAR

PRESIDENTIAL POWER = DEPRESSIONS & WAR, In TIMES of CRISIS, such as
it is TYPICAL to see an INCREASE in … PRESIDENTIAL POWER = Q-40

IT’S STORY TIME ! UNIT 9 WORLD WAR II

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IT’S STORY TIME ! UNIT 9 WORLD WAR II

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