1. Chapter 4 Section 4

2. Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education
Building a New South
Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education
Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)
Lincoln’s Plan
State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union
Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
- want to destroy political power of former slaveholders
- want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans

3. Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan
Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners
Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen
Congressional Reconstruction
Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866)
Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans
Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts

4. Ulysses S. Grant Elected (#12)
Johnson Impeached
House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict
Ulysses S. Grant Elected (#12)
Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes
Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans

5. Conditions in the Postwar South
By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union
Republican governments begin public works programs, social services
Politics in the Postwar South
Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position
Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war
Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks

7. Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders
Republican governments, church groups found schools, universities
Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
African Americans in Reconstruction
Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops
Tenant farmers rent land from owner

8. The Collapse of Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans
to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children
Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South
In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires
Reconstruction Fades
Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention
Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes

9. Democrats “Redeem” the South
Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction

10. The Nadir of American Race Relations
Period in US History from the end of Reconstruction (1877) through the early 20th Century
Low point
13th Amendment – ended slavery
14th Amendment – granted citizenship
15th Amendment – granted the right to vote

11. Black Codes Right to own and buy property Right to marry within race
Make contracts
Testify in court (only against people of their own race)

12. Black Codes (continued)
Designed to restrict black’s activity & to ensure their ability for labor
Ex: Yearly contracts vs. possible arrest, fines or forced into unpaid labor
Ex: Mississippi – Evidence of employment each Jan. If a person left early = forfeit wages & possible arrest
S. Carolina – Only occupations were farmer or servant unless they paid an annual tax of $10 -$100.

13. Jim Crow Laws
Literacy Tests
Poll Taxes
Grandfather Clauses

14. Intermarriage: All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. Florida
Cohabitation: Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Florida
Education: The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. Florida
Juvenile Delinquents: There shall be separate buildings, not nearer than one fourth mile to each other, one for white boys and one for negro boys. White boys and negro boys shall not, in any manner, be associated together or worked together. Florida