1. Digestive System

2. Mouth
Digestion begins in the ________ . ________ begins the process of digestion
__________________- is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
__________________- large food molecules are broken down into smaller food molecules with the help of different enzymes.
Mouth
Chewing
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion

3. Mouth
salivary glands
_______________ secrete saliva, which contains the enzyme _________ to break the bonds in _________ (which is what type of macromolecule: ______________) and releases sugar. It also contains the enzyme __________ that fights infection by digesting the cell walls of ________ . The saliva also helps ___________ the food and make it easier to chew. The release of saliva is under the control of the ________________
amylase
starches
Carbohydrate
lysozyme
moisten
bacteria
nervous system

4. Esophagus
tongue
Your ________ and your _______ muscles help you swallow your food, which (after swallowing) is now called a _______ . As you swallow, the ________ closes over the _______ and the bolus enters the __________. ______ is not responsible for food going down into the stomach.
throat
bolus
epiglottis
trachea
esophagus
Gravity

5. Esophagus
A series of contractions of _______ muscle squeeze the food through the ___________ . This is called _________ . A thick ring of muscle called the _____________ closes the esophagus and prevents the contents of the ________ from moving back into the esophagus (also known as acid ____).
smooth
peristalsis
esophagus
cardiac sphincter
stomach
reflux
***Remember: No Digestion_ occurs in the esophagus.

6. Stomach
Food from the esophagus empties into a large muscular sac called the ___________ . Alternating contractions of the stomach’s ____ smooth muscle layers _____ and mix the ____.
stomach 3
churn
food

7. Stomach- Chemical digestion:
Gastric glands
The stomach contains microscopic _______________ that produce and release various substances. Some of these include:
________- a fluid that __________ and _________ the stomach wall.
_______________________- makes the contents of the stomach very _______, & activates pepsin.
________- an enzyme that begins the digestion of _______ & works best under the _______ conditions
One enzyme, _________ , is destroyed in the stomach due to the high level of ______ . This means that digestion of ______________ stops until the food reaches the _________________ .
Mucus
lubricates
protects
HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
acidic
Pepsin
acidic
proteins
amylase
acid
carbohydrates
small intestine

8. Stomach- Mechanical digestion:
Stomach muscles ________ to churn and mix the food & fluids in the stomach, producing a substance called ______ . After some time, usually about __ to __ hours, this new substance enters the ___________ through the ________ valve.
contract
chyme 1 2
small intestine
pyloric

9. Small Intestine
The __________ is the first part of the small intestine and is where most of the ___________ digestion and _________ of the food you eat occurs here. The small intestine is specialized to absorb _______ . The structure that aids in this absorption are the tiny folded projections called _____ . These structures increase the _____________ for absorption. Most of the products of _____________ and _______ digestion are absorbed into the ___________ in the villi.
duodenum
Chemical
absorption
nutrients
villi
surface area
carbohydrates
protein
capillaries

10. Small Intestine
Molecules of undigested ___ and some _____ acids are absorbed by ________ vessels. By the time food is ready to leave the small intestine, it is basically ________ - free….. only __________, _______, and other indigestible substances are left. Accessory structures that aid in digestion:
fat
fatty
lymph
nutrient
celluluose
water

11. Small Intestine Pancreas- produces:
-_________- that help break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
-__________________- a base that neutralizes stomach acid so these enzymes can be effective
Liver- produces ____, a fluid loaded with lipids and other salts. It helps make it easier for enzymes to break down ___ . Bile is stored in the ___________
enzymes
Sodium bicarbonate
bile
fat
Gall bladder

12. Large Intestine Colon chyme
Another name is ______. When _______ leaves the small intestine, it enters the large intestine. The function of the large intestine is to remove _______ from undigested material. Colonies of _________ produce _________ and other substances for the body to use. Concentrated _______ material that remains after ______ has been removed passes through the _________ and is eliminated from the body.
water
bacteria
vitamin K
waste
water
rectum

13. Ch. 38 Excretory System

14. Excretory System Functions:
The _____________________from the body is know as excretion
For example; lungs ___________
_________& the skin excretes _____ and ________in sweat.
Therefore, the lungs and skin are part of the excretory system
elimination of chemical wastes
excretes carbon
dioxide
water
salt

15. Excretory System Functions:
The excretory system is a system of organs that remove _______from the body.
The mains organ of the excretion are the __________
The removal of urea- a substance that is the result of ___________ of ________in the body cells- along with the regulation of _______ in the_______________, maintain____________, & ___________are the principal job of the kidneys
waste
kidneys
metabolism
proteins
water
bloodstream
blood pH
homeostasis

16. Structure of the kidneys:
Each about the size of the _____
Located on either side of the _____________in the lower back
Blood flows into each kidney through a _____________________Blood leaves through a
________________
fist
spinal column
renal artery
renal vein

17. Structure of the kidneys:
A tube called the_______, leaves each, carrying ______to the bladder.
The ________________is a saclike organ where urine is stored before being excreted through a tube called the urethra
ureter
urine
urinary bladder

18. The 3 parts of the kidneys :
Renal cortex- outer part
Renal medulla- inner part
Renal pelvis- middle part

19. The main functional unit of the kidneys:
NEPHRONS- each is a small, independent processing unit, located mostly in the____________, each has its own blood supply and releases fluids to a collecting duct, which leads to the ______
Renal cortex
ureter

20. NEPHRONS Glomerulus: mechanically filters blood
Bowman's Capsule: mechanically filters blood
Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Reabsorbs 75% of the water, salts, glucose, and amino acids
Loop of Henle: Countercurrent exchange, which maintains the concentration gradient
Distal Convoluted Tubule: Tubular secretion of H ions, potassium, and certain drugs.

21. Kidney Filtration
Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes is called filtration.
The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the part of the ________called the__________.
Nephron is a small network of ____________encased in the upper end by a hollow, cup-shaped structure- called the __________________
glomerulus
nephron
capillaries
Bowman’s capsule

22. Kidney Filtration
Substance such as __________________, _________________& _____________diffuse into the ___________to be filtrated.
The kidneys filter all the ____________________________________
water, urea, glucose
salts, amino acids
some vitamins
Bowman’s capsule
blood in the body about
every 45 minutes

23. Kidney Re-absorption:
Most material removed from the blood at the _________________makes its way into the _______
Re-absorption is the process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel.
_____________________are reabsorbed into the capillaries by______________.
Water enters by_______. ____of the water is reabsorbed into the blood
Bowman’s capsule
blood
Amino acids, fats, & glucose
active transport
osmosis
99%

24. Kidney Re-absorption:
Urine
_______ is what remains after re-absorption. It is emptied into a collecting duct, which leads to the ______.
Urine contains_______________, & _____among other substances.
________blood is returned to circulation & _______ is collected in the ____________________.
Ureter
urea, excess salts
water
Purified
urine
urinary bladder

25. Random Facts about Urine:
A nice cold drink of... urine? Although urine is sterile and made up mostly of water there are many trace amount of other chemicals and it is not recommended to drink it because of this fact. These trace chemicals give it the salty taste, but if you are generally a healthy person free of disease than tasting your urine will not harm you

26. Random Facts about Urine:
Urine Therapy? This is the application of urine to your body to solve all of your bodily woes such as massaging it into the skin, or ingesting it. The definition of "urine therapy" is using your urine to benefit your health. It has been claimed to alleviate itching, and an anti-cancer precaution as well as throat aches. There are certain rules to engaging in urine therapy. Urine should be sipped, not guzzled and it should be midstream urine - first thing in the morning. While using urine therapy, you should also drink plenty of water and avoid salty foods

27. Random Facts about Urine:
There are 45.2% of people that pee in the shower.
There are 44.9% of people who pee in the ocean and there are 28.1% of people who pee in the pool.