1. Chapter 9 Lesson 3 Question: What other reforms do you think were needed in the Urban North?
Seeking a Better Way

2. I. Reform Takes Many Shapes A. The Temperance Movement
Most successful reform movement.
Alcoholism increased during the industrialization.
Wanted to end abuse caused by alcohol.
Considered it a moral problem.
Women played a major role.

3. “Evil” Alcohol

4. Swell Head. Hand-colored woodcut.
Philadelphia: circa 1860's.
A SWELL HEAD.
How could I ever think, to wed
A man who's always drunken;
Who really has so large a head,
It looks like a ripe pumpkin.

5. "A people corrupted with strong drink cannot long be a free people."

6. Alternative to Beer

7. B. Education for Woman Wanted expanded educational opportunities.
Emma Willard-wanted the right to study all areas. Founded the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, NY.
Sarah Hale-first female magazine editor.
Mary Lyon-founded Mt. Holyoke female Seminary in 1837.
Regardless of these changes-many still believed these jobs to be temporary-belonged at home.

8. C. Establishing Public Education
Before 1820’s-few children had educational opportunities.
a. Worked or went to school for a short time.
Horace Mann-1837 became the head of the Massachusetts State Board of Education.
a. Believed the constitution required students to have an education.
b. Est. public education and a school for training teachers.

9. 1800’s school house

10. D. Men Protest Working Conditions
Roots of labor reform in 1800’s from skilled craftsmen.
Called for higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

11. E. Woman Workers Organize
Labor unions didn’t recognize women-thought they only did unskilled work.
Women formed their own.
NY seamstress in 1825
Women also went on strike when needed.
1836-Lowell went on strikes when the boarding houses raised rent.
Strikes didn’t work-women were replaced by immigrants.
1844-Lowell Female Reform Association became influential.
a. 500 women joined
b. led to a 10 hour work day
c. Their agitation led to the fight government investigation of working conditions

12. II. Utopian Societies Tried to set up utopian societies.
Based on Thomas More’s Utopia-described a perfect place where all people are equal, prosperous, educated, and wise. (Greek for “no where”) people still tried attain perfection.
Believed people should put aside their private interests and work for the good of the community as a whole.
Believed people should share in the work and the income of the community.

14. A. The Shakers Founded by Ann Lee in England.
Purity, love, peace, and justice.
Led eight followers to America-settled in New York.
Believed all people were equal and should share in the benefits and responsibilities of life.
Community owned land
No children or marriage-increased by converts.
Eventually lost its appeal (6000 at height).
A few still exist today.

17. B. Brook Farm
Community: combine physical labor with intellectual curiosity.
Established in West Roxbury, Mass
Became members by buying shares of stock.
Each member got one vote.
Same hours, pay, room and board.
Nathaniel Hawthorne-agriculture director.
Failed in 1847.
Believed it was financial failure and similar problems to the city.

18. How does this picture portray the farm?

20. Reflection
Why did the utopian societies fail?